Spacecraft List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - normal, detailed
Example - /spacecraft/?mode=detailed
Filters
Parameters - in_space, is_placeholder, name, spacecraft_config, status
Example - /spacecraft/?is_placeholder=True
Search
Fields searched - name, spacecraft_config__name
Example - /spacecraft/?search=Endeavour
Ordering
Fields - flights_count, id, mission_ends_count, time_docked, time_in_space
Example - /spacecraft/?ordering=-flights_count
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /spacecraft/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /spacecraft/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - lldev.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/spacecraft/?format=api&offset=246&ordering=mission_ends_count
{ "count": 596, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/?format=api&limit=10&offset=256&ordering=mission_ends_count", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/?format=api&limit=10&offset=236&ordering=mission_ends_count", "results": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 224, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/224/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz T-2", "serial_number": "Soyuz T 11F732 #7", "is_placeholder": false, "image": { "id": 1929, "name": "[AUTO] Soyuz T - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_t_image_20231228134543.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194150.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P3DT22H19M30S", "time_docked": "P2DT17H22M", "flights_count": 1, "mission_ends_count": 1, "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Single Use" }, "description": "Soyuz T-2 was a Soyuz spacecraft which launched on 5 June 1980 14:19 UTC. It transported two cosmonauts to Salyut 6. The crew was Yury Malyshev and Vladimir Aksyonov.", "spacecraft_config": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 42, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_configurations/42/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz T", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Capsule" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "family": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Soyuz", "description": "Soyuz is a series of spacecraft which has been in service since the 1960s, having made more than 140 flights. It was designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now Energia).", "manufacturer": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1000, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1000/?format=api", "name": "Energia", "abbrev": "OKB-1", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "parent": null, "maiden_flight": "1966-11-28" } ], "in_use": false, "image": { "id": 1929, "name": "[AUTO] Soyuz T - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_t_image_20231228134543.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194150.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "fastest_turnaround": null }, { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 210, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/210/?format=api", "name": "Dragon C101", "serial_number": "C101", "is_placeholder": false, "image": { "id": 1245, "name": "Dragon 1 in orbit", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/crs-172520dragon2520berthing_image_20190318203226.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305192134.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P0D", "time_docked": "P0D", "flights_count": 1, "mission_ends_count": 1, "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "description": "First Dragon mission, second Falcon 9 launch. Mission tested the orbital maneuvering and reentry of the Dragon capsule. After recovery, the capsule was put on display at SpaceX's headquarters.", "spacecraft_config": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 3, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_configurations/3/?format=api", "name": "Dragon 1", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Capsule" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 121, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "abbrev": "SpX", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "family": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 6, "name": "Dragon", "description": "Dragon is a family of spacecraft developed and produced by American private space transportation company SpaceX.", "manufacturer": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 121, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "abbrev": "SpX", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "parent": null, "maiden_flight": "2010-12-08" } ], "in_use": false, "image": { "id": 1245, "name": "Dragon 1 in orbit", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/crs-172520dragon2520berthing_image_20190318203226.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305192134.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] } }, "fastest_turnaround": null }, { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 254, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/254/?format=api", "name": "Progress M-19M", "serial_number": "Progress M-19M (No.419)", "is_placeholder": false, "image": { "id": 1923, "name": "[AUTO] Progress-M (modified) - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/progress-m_252_image_20231219140115.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194140.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P56DT3H26M44S", "time_docked": "P46DT1H33M", "flights_count": 1, "mission_ends_count": 1, "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Single Use" }, "description": "Progress M-19M (Russian: Прогресс М-19М), identified by NASA as Progress 51 or 51P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station.", "spacecraft_config": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 34, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_configurations/34/?format=api", "name": "Progress-M (modified)", "type": { "id": 4, "name": "Cargo Resupply" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "family": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 2, "name": "Progress", "description": "The Progress is a Russian expendable cargo spacecraft. Its purpose is to deliver the supplies needed to sustain a human presence in orbit.", "manufacturer": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1000, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1000/?format=api", "name": "Energia", "abbrev": "OKB-1", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "parent": null, "maiden_flight": "1978-01-20" } ], "in_use": false, "image": { "id": 1923, "name": "[AUTO] Progress-M (modified) - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/progress-m_252_image_20231219140115.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194140.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "fastest_turnaround": null }, { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 308, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/308/?format=api", "name": "Progress M-53", "serial_number": "Progress M-53 (No.353)", "is_placeholder": false, "image": { "id": 1921, "name": "[AUTO] Progress-M - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/progress-m_image_20231219141001.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194137.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P82DT15H2M26S", "time_docked": "P80DT9H44M", "flights_count": 1, "mission_ends_count": 1, "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Single Use" }, "description": "Progress M-53 (Russian: Прогресс М-53), identified by NASA as Progress 18 or 18P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.", "spacecraft_config": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 35, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_configurations/35/?format=api", "name": "Progress-M", "type": { "id": 4, "name": "Cargo Resupply" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "family": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 2, "name": "Progress", "description": "The Progress is a Russian expendable cargo spacecraft. Its purpose is to deliver the supplies needed to sustain a human presence in orbit.", "manufacturer": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1000, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1000/?format=api", "name": "Energia", "abbrev": "OKB-1", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "parent": null, "maiden_flight": "1978-01-20" } ], "in_use": false, "image": { "id": 1921, "name": "[AUTO] Progress-M - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/progress-m_image_20231219141001.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194137.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "fastest_turnaround": null }, { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 405, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/405/?format=api", "name": "Progress 11", "serial_number": "Progress 11 (No.111)", "is_placeholder": false, "image": { "id": 1920, "name": "[AUTO] Progress 7K-TG - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/progress_7k-tg_image_20231220085840.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194135.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P73DT22H50M5S", "time_docked": "P69DT17H20M", "flights_count": 1, "mission_ends_count": 1, "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Single Use" }, "description": "Progress 11 (Russian: Прогресс 11), was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the space station Salyut 6.", "spacecraft_config": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 8, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_configurations/8/?format=api", "name": "Progress 7K-TG", "type": { "id": 4, "name": "Cargo Resupply" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "family": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 2, "name": "Progress", "description": "The Progress is a Russian expendable cargo spacecraft. Its purpose is to deliver the supplies needed to sustain a human presence in orbit.", "manufacturer": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1000, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1000/?format=api", "name": "Energia", "abbrev": "OKB-1", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "parent": null, "maiden_flight": "1978-01-20" } ], "in_use": false, "image": { "id": 1920, "name": "[AUTO] Progress 7K-TG - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/progress_7k-tg_image_20231220085840.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194135.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "fastest_turnaround": null }, { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 236, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/236/?format=api", "name": "Progress MS-08", "serial_number": "Progress MS-08 (No.438)", "is_placeholder": false, "image": { "id": 1924, "name": "[AUTO] Progress-MS - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/progress-ms_image_20231219150735.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194142.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P197DT15H46M27S", "time_docked": "P188DT15H38M", "flights_count": 1, "mission_ends_count": 1, "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Single Use" }, "description": "Progress MS-08 (Russian: Прогресс МC-08), identified by NASA as Progress 69 or 69P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station.", "spacecraft_config": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 33, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_configurations/33/?format=api", "name": "Progress-MS", "type": { "id": 4, "name": "Cargo Resupply" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "family": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 2, "name": "Progress", "description": "The Progress is a Russian expendable cargo spacecraft. Its purpose is to deliver the supplies needed to sustain a human presence in orbit.", "manufacturer": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1000, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1000/?format=api", "name": "Energia", "abbrev": "OKB-1", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "parent": null, "maiden_flight": "1978-01-20" } ], "in_use": true, "image": { "id": 1924, "name": "[AUTO] Progress-MS - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/progress-ms_image_20231219150735.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194142.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "fastest_turnaround": null }, { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 429, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/429/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz MS-14", "serial_number": "Soyuz MS 11F732A48 #743", "is_placeholder": false, "image": { "id": 967, "name": "Soyuz MS in orbit (MS-19)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_ms_in_orb_image_20240313130407.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_ms_in_orb_image_thumbnail_20240313130407.jpeg", "credit": "ESA/NASA/T. Pesquet", "license": { "id": 2, "name": "ESA Standard Licence", "priority": 2, "link": "https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Terms_and_conditions_of_use_of_images_and_videos_available_on_the_esa_website" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P15DT17H53M29S", "time_docked": "P10DT15H6M", "flights_count": 1, "mission_ends_count": 1, "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Single Use" }, "description": "Soyuz MS-14 is an unmanned flight of the Soyuz spacecraft intended to test a modification for the Launch Abort System.", "spacecraft_config": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 38, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_configurations/38/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz MS", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Capsule" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "family": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Soyuz", "description": "Soyuz is a series of spacecraft which has been in service since the 1960s, having made more than 140 flights. It was designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now Energia).", "manufacturer": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1000, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1000/?format=api", "name": "Energia", "abbrev": "OKB-1", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "parent": null, "maiden_flight": "1966-11-28" } ], "in_use": true, "image": { "id": 967, "name": "Soyuz MS in orbit (MS-19)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_ms_in_orb_image_20240313130407.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_ms_in_orb_image_thumbnail_20240313130407.jpeg", "credit": "ESA/NASA/T. Pesquet", "license": { "id": 2, "name": "ESA Standard Licence", "priority": 2, "link": "https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Terms_and_conditions_of_use_of_images_and_videos_available_on_the_esa_website" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] } }, "fastest_turnaround": null }, { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 597, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/597/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz MS-26", "serial_number": "11F732 #757", "is_placeholder": false, "image": { "id": 967, "name": "Soyuz MS in orbit (MS-19)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_ms_in_orb_image_20240313130407.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_ms_in_orb_image_thumbnail_20240313130407.jpeg", "credit": "ESA/NASA/T. Pesquet", "license": { "id": 2, "name": "ESA Standard Licence", "priority": 2, "link": "https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Terms_and_conditions_of_use_of_images_and_videos_available_on_the_esa_website" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P220DT8H57M23S", "time_docked": "P220DT2H25M28S", "flights_count": 1, "mission_ends_count": 1, "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "description": "Spacecraft launched to the ISS in September 2024.", "spacecraft_config": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 38, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_configurations/38/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz MS", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Capsule" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "family": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Soyuz", "description": "Soyuz is a series of spacecraft which has been in service since the 1960s, having made more than 140 flights. It was designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now Energia).", "manufacturer": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1000, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1000/?format=api", "name": "Energia", "abbrev": "OKB-1", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "parent": null, "maiden_flight": "1966-11-28" } ], "in_use": true, "image": { "id": 967, "name": "Soyuz MS in orbit (MS-19)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_ms_in_orb_image_20240313130407.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_ms_in_orb_image_thumbnail_20240313130407.jpeg", "credit": "ESA/NASA/T. Pesquet", "license": { "id": 2, "name": "ESA Standard Licence", "priority": 2, "link": "https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Terms_and_conditions_of_use_of_images_and_videos_available_on_the_esa_website" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] } }, "fastest_turnaround": null }, { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 508, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/508/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7", "serial_number": "Soyuz 7K-L1 #7", "is_placeholder": false, "image": { "id": 1927, "name": "[AUTO] Soyuz - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_image_20201015191152.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194147.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "PT8M33S", "time_docked": "P0D", "flights_count": 1, "mission_ends_count": 1, "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Destroyed" }, "description": "The Soyuz 7K-L1 \"Zond\" spacecraft was designed to launch men from the Earth to circle the Moon without going into lunar orbit in the context of the Soviet crewed Moon-flyby program in the Moon race. 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