Previous Launch List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /launches/previous/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - agency_launch_attempt_count, agency_launch_attempt_count__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count__lte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, day, id, include_suborbital, is_crewed, last_updated__gte, last_updated__lte, launch_designator, launcher_config__id, location__ids, location_launch_attempt_count, location_launch_attempt_count__gt, location_launch_attempt_count__gte, location_launch_attempt_count__lt, location_launch_attempt_count__lte, location_launch_attempt_count_year, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, lsp__id, lsp__name, mission__agency__ids, mission__orbit__celestial_body__id, mission__orbit__name, mission__orbit__name__icontains, month, name, net__gt, net__gte, net__lt, net__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, pad, pad__location, pad__location__celestial_body__id, pad_launch_attempt_count, pad_launch_attempt_count__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count__lte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, program, related_lsp__id, related_lsp__name, rocket__configuration__full_name, rocket__configuration__full_name__icontains, rocket__configuration__id, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name__icontains, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__id, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name__icontains, serial_number, slug, spacecraft_config__ids, status, status__ids, video_url, window_end__gt, window_end__gte, window_end__lt, window_end__lte, window_start__gt, window_start__gte, window_start__lt, window_start__lte, year
Example - /launches/previous/?pad__location=13
Search
Fields searched - launch_designator, launch_service_provider__name, mission__name, name, pad__location__name, pad__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__abbrev, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name
Example - /launches/previous/?search=Starlink
Ordering
Fields - id, last_updated, name, net
Example - /launches/previous/?ordering=-last_updated
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /launches/previous/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /launches/previous/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - lldev.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&offset=90&ordering=-id
{ "count": 348, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&limit=10&offset=100&ordering=-id", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&limit=10&offset=80&ordering=-id", "results": [ { "id": "b8d9ff2b-a972-4e50-8fff-6c189dbe34cd", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/b8d9ff2b-a972-4e50-8fff-6c189dbe34cd/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9 Block 5 | Starlink Group 6-98", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "falcon-9-block-5-starlink-group-6-98", "launch_designator": "2026-008", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2026-01-14T22:40:50Z", "net": "2026-01-14T18:08:20Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "window_end": "2026-01-14T22:01:00Z", "window_start": "2026-01-14T18:01:00Z", "image": { "id": 1296, "name": "Starlink night fairing", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon2520925_image_20221009234147.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305192320.png", "credit": "SpaceX", "license": { "id": 5, "name": "CC BY-NC 2.0", "priority": 1, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": 40, "weather_concerns": "Thick Cloud Layers Rule, Cumulus Cloud Rule", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 121, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "abbrev": "SpX", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "rocket": { "id": 8871, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 164, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/164/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Falcon" }, { "response_mode": "list", "id": 176, "name": "Falcon 9" } ], "full_name": "Falcon 9 Block 5", "variant": "Block 5" } }, "mission": { "id": 7462, "name": "Starlink Group 6-98", "type": "Communications", "description": "A batch of 29 satellites for the Starlink mega-constellation - SpaceX's project for space-based Internet communication system.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 121, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "abbrev": "SpX", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "description": "Space Exploration Technologies Corp., known as SpaceX, is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by entrepreneur Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs and enabling the colonization of Mars. SpaceX operates from many pads, on the East Coast of the US they operate from SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and historic LC-39A at Kennedy Space Center. They also operate from SLC-4E at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, usually for polar launches. Another launch site is being developed at Boca Chica, Texas.", "administrator": "CEO: Elon Musk", "founding_year": 2002, "launchers": "Falcon | Starship", "spacecraft": "Dragon", "parent": null, "image": { "id": 1736, "name": "Falcon 9 liftoff from LC-39A", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon_9_image_20230807133459.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193628.jpeg", "credit": "SpaceX", "license": { "id": 5, "name": "CC BY-NC 2.0", "priority": 1, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "logo": { "id": 186, "name": "SpaceX logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_logo_20220826094919.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185138.png", "credit": "SpaceX", "license": { "id": 5, "name": "CC BY-NC 2.0", "priority": 1, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": { "id": 94, "name": "SpaceX social logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_social_l_image_20260407054626.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_social_l_image_thumbnail_20260407054626.jpeg", "credit": "SpaceX", "license": { "id": 5, "name": "CC BY-NC 2.0", "priority": 1, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "total_launch_count": 663, "consecutive_successful_launches": 148, "successful_launches": 648, "failed_launches": 15, "pending_launches": 122, "consecutive_successful_landings": 147, "successful_landings": 608, "failed_landings": 27, "attempted_landings": 634, "successful_landings_spacecraft": 59, "failed_landings_spacecraft": 3, "attempted_landings_spacecraft": 63, "successful_landings_payload": 0, "failed_landings_payload": 0, "attempted_landings_payload": 0, "info_url": "https://www.spacex.com/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX", "social_media_links": [ { "id": 427, "social_media": { "id": 3, "name": "Homepage", "url": null, "logo": null }, "url": "https://www.spacex.com/" }, { "id": 428, "social_media": { "id": 1, "name": "X", "url": "https://x.com", "logo": { "id": 2320, "name": "X logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_20250211191027.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_thumbnail_20250211191027.jpeg", "credit": "X", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "url": "https://x.com/spacex/" }, { "id": 429, "social_media": { "id": 6, "name": "Youtube", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/", "logo": { "id": 2356, "name": "YouTube logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/youtube_logo_image_20250321073112.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/youtube_logo_image_thumbnail_20250321073112.png", "credit": "YouTube", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "url": "https://www.youtube.com/@spacex" }, { "id": 430, "social_media": { "id": 4, "name": "LinkedIn", "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/", "logo": { "id": 2321, "name": "LinkedIn logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/linkedin_logo_image_20250211191111.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/linkedin_logo_image_thumbnail_20250211191112.png", "credit": "LinkedIn", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/company/spacex/" } ] } ], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 80, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/80/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 121, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "abbrev": "SpX", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "description": "Space Exploration Technologies Corp., known as SpaceX, is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by entrepreneur Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs and enabling the colonization of Mars. SpaceX operates from many pads, on the East Coast of the US they operate from SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and historic LC-39A at Kennedy Space Center. They also operate from SLC-4E at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, usually for polar launches. Another launch site is being developed at Boca Chica, Texas.", "administrator": "CEO: Elon Musk", "founding_year": 2002, "launchers": "Falcon | Starship", "spacecraft": "Dragon", "parent": null, "image": { "id": 1736, "name": "Falcon 9 liftoff from LC-39A", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon_9_image_20230807133459.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193628.jpeg", "credit": "SpaceX", "license": { "id": 5, "name": "CC BY-NC 2.0", "priority": 1, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "logo": { "id": 186, "name": "SpaceX logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_logo_20220826094919.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185138.png", "credit": "SpaceX", "license": { "id": 5, "name": "CC BY-NC 2.0", "priority": 1, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": { "id": 94, "name": "SpaceX social logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_social_l_image_20260407054626.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_social_l_image_thumbnail_20260407054626.jpeg", "credit": "SpaceX", "license": { "id": 5, "name": "CC BY-NC 2.0", "priority": 1, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } } ], "name": "Space Launch Complex 40", "image": { "id": 2113, "name": "F9 liftoff from SLC-40 (SES-24)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/f9_liftoff_from_image_20240621050513.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/f9_liftoff_from_image_thumbnail_20240621050514.jpeg", "credit": "SpaceX", "license": { "id": 5, "name": "CC BY-NC 2.0", "priority": 1, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_40", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.56194122,-80.57735736", "latitude": 28.56194122, "longitude": -80.57735736, "country": { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_80_20200803143323.jpg", "total_launch_count": 377, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 377, "fastest_turnaround": "P1DT21H", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 12, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7477, "successful_launches": 6922, "failed_launches": 555, "total_attempted_landings": 1292, "successful_landings": 1245, "failed_landings": 47 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" }, "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "image": { "id": 2200, "name": "Cape Canaveral & KSC seen from orbit (STS-43)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cape_canaveral__image_20240918151615.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cape_canaveral__image_thumbnail_20240918151616.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "longitude": -80.577778, "latitude": 28.488889, "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1101, "total_landing_count": 72 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 25, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/programs/25/?format=api", "name": "Starlink", "image": { "id": 1890, "name": "Starlink stack in space before deployment", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/starlink_program_20231228154508.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194044.jpeg", "credit": "SpaceX", "license": { "id": 5, "name": "CC BY-NC 2.0", "priority": 1, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "info_url": "https://starlink.com", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink", "description": "Starlink is a satellite internet constellation operated by American aerospace company SpaceX", "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 121, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "abbrev": "SpX", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } } ], "start_date": "2018-02-22T14:17:00Z", "end_date": null, "mission_patches": [ { "id": 7, "name": "Space X Starlink Mission Patch", "priority": 10, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/mission_patch_images/space2520x252_mission_patch_20221011205756.png", "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 121, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "abbrev": "SpX", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "response_mode": "normal" } ], "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Communication Constellation" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 7182, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1080, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 358, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 625, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 6 }, { "id": "b7c38b80-6ce7-4ab0-8010-19ee11e26fc5", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/b7c38b80-6ce7-4ab0-8010-19ee11e26fc5/?format=api", "name": "Smart Dragon 3 | PRSC-EO2 & 6 satellites", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "smart-dragon-3-prsc-eo2-6-satellites", "launch_designator": "2026-027", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2026-02-15T07:46:02Z", "net": "2026-02-12T06:37:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 1, "name": "Minute", "abbrev": "MIN", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the minute." }, "window_end": "2026-02-12T06:47:00Z", "window_start": "2026-02-12T06:26:00Z", "image": { "id": 2251, "name": "Smart Dragon 3 liftoff (8 satellites)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/smart_dragon_3__image_20240925074606.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/smart_dragon_3__image_thumbnail_20240925074607.jpeg", "credit": "CASC", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 272, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/272/?format=api", "name": "China Rocket Co. Ltd.", "abbrev": "CHNR", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "rocket": { "id": 8861, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 484, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/484/?format=api", "name": "Smart Dragon 3", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 145, "name": "Smart Dragon" } ], "full_name": "Smart Dragon 3", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 7452, "name": "PRSC-EO2 & 6 satellites", "type": "Earth Science", "description": "Carried 7 satellites to sun-synchronous orbit, including PRSC-EO2 (Earth observation satellite for the Pakistan government's SUPARCO) & CUHK-1. Details on other payloads to be confirmed.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 251, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/251/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 88, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "abbrev": "CASC", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" } ], "description": "The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) is the main contractor for the Chinese space program. It is state-owned and has a number of subordinate entities which design, develop and manufacture a range of spacecraft, launch vehicles, strategic and tactical missile systems, and ground equipment. It was officially established in July 1999 as part of a Chinese government reform drive, having previously been one part of the former China Aerospace Corporation. 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