Previous Launch List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /launches/previous/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - agency_launch_attempt_count, agency_launch_attempt_count__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count__lte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, day, id, include_suborbital, is_crewed, last_updated__gte, last_updated__lte, launch_designator, launcher_config__id, location__ids, location_launch_attempt_count, location_launch_attempt_count__gt, location_launch_attempt_count__gte, location_launch_attempt_count__lt, location_launch_attempt_count__lte, location_launch_attempt_count_year, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, lsp__id, lsp__name, mission__orbit__celestial_body__id, mission__orbit__name, mission__orbit__name__icontains, month, name, net__gt, net__gte, net__lt, net__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, pad, pad__location, pad__location__celestial_body__id, pad_launch_attempt_count, pad_launch_attempt_count__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count__lte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, program, related_lsp__id, related_lsp__name, rocket__configuration__full_name, rocket__configuration__full_name__icontains, rocket__configuration__id, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name__icontains, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__id, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name__icontains, serial_number, slug, spacecraft_config__ids, status, status__ids, video_url, window_end__gt, window_end__gte, window_end__lt, window_end__lte, window_start__gt, window_start__gte, window_start__lt, window_start__lte, year
Example - /launches/previous/?pad__location=13
Search
Fields searched - launch_designator, launch_service_provider__name, mission__name, name, pad__location__name, pad__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__abbrev, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name
Example - /launches/previous/?search=Starlink
Ordering
Fields - id, last_updated, name, net
Example - /launches/previous/?ordering=-last_updated
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /launches/previous/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /launches/previous/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - lldev.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&offset=5780&ordering=last_updated
{ "count": 7160, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&limit=10&offset=5790&ordering=last_updated", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&limit=10&offset=5770&ordering=last_updated", "results": [ { "id": "bfeec1d1-b1fc-44d4-8a75-747c913ca226", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/bfeec1d1-b1fc-44d4-8a75-747c913ca226/?format=api", "name": "H-IIA 202 | IGS Optical 5", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "h-iia-202-igs-optical-5", "launch_designator": "2015-015", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-09-08T08:28:41Z", "net": "2015-03-26T01:21:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "2015-03-26T01:21:00Z", "window_start": "2015-03-26T01:21:00Z", "image": { "id": 1482, "name": "H-IIA 202 liftoff (XRISM & SLIM)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/h-iia_202_lifto_image_20240325123250.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/h-iia_202_lifto_image_thumbnail_20240325123250.jpeg", "credit": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 98, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/98/?format=api", "name": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "abbrev": "MHI", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "rocket": { "id": 1835, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 32, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/32/?format=api", "name": "H-IIA", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 88, "name": "H-II" } ], "full_name": "H-IIA 202", "variant": "202" } }, "mission": { "id": 6532, "name": "IGS Optical 5", "type": "Government/Top Secret", "description": "The IGS Optical 5 is a Japanese optical reconnaissance satellite. The satellite is operated by the Cabinet Satellite Information Center. The satellite serves both Japan's national defense and civil natural disaster monitoring.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 41, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/41/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 37, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/37/?format=api", "name": "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency", "abbrev": "JAXA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 28, "name": "Japan", "alpha_2_code": "JP", "alpha_3_code": "JPN", "nationality_name": "Japanese", "nationality_name_composed": "Nippo" } ], "description": "The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is Japan's national aero-space agency. Through the merger of three previously independent organizations, JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003. JAXA is responsible for research, technology development and the launch of satellites into orbit, and is involved in many more advanced missions, such as asteroid exploration and possible manned exploration of the Moon. JAXA launch their Epsilon vehicle from the Uchinoura Space Center and their H-II vehicles from the Tanegashima Space Center.", "administrator": "Administrator: Hiroshi Yamakawa", "founding_year": 2003, "launchers": "H-II", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image": { "id": 16, "name": "[AUTO] Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/japan2520aerospace2520exploration2520agency_image_20190207032440.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184621.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "logo": { "id": 151, "name": "[AUTO] Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency - logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/japan2520aerospace2520exploration2520agency_logo_20190207032440.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185023.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": { "id": 69, "name": "[AUTO] Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency - social_logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/japan2520aerospace2520exploration2520agency_nation_20230531052930.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184813.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } } ], "name": "Yoshinobu Launch Complex LP-1", "image": { "id": 1520, "name": "H-IIA 202 liftoff from LP-1 (IGS Radar 7)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/h-iia25202022_image_20240101101918.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193026.jpeg", "credit": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinobu_Launch_Complex", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=30.400813,130.977748", "latitude": 30.400813, "longitude": 130.977748, "country": { "id": 28, "name": "Japan", "alpha_2_code": "JP", "alpha_3_code": "JPN", "nationality_name": "Japanese", "nationality_name_composed": "Nippo" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_41_20200803143551.jpg", "total_launch_count": 56, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 56, "fastest_turnaround": "P25DT4H54M", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 26, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/26/?format=api", "name": "Tanegashima Space Center, Japan", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7148, "successful_launches": 6605, "failed_launches": 543, "total_attempted_landings": 1102, "successful_landings": 1059, "failed_landings": 43 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 28, "name": "Japan", "alpha_2_code": "JP", "alpha_3_code": "JPN", "nationality_name": "Japanese", "nationality_name_composed": "Nippo" }, "description": "The Tanegashima Space Center is the largest rocket-launch complex in Japan. It is located on the southeastern tip of Tanegashima, an island located south of Kyushu, an island and region and Japan. It was established in 1969 when the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) was formed, and is now run by JAXA. The activities that take place at TNSC include assembly, testing, launching, and tracking satellites, as well as rocket engine firing tests.", "image": { "id": 2223, "name": "Tanegashima Space Center", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/tanegashima_spa_image_20240920081514.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/tanegashima_spa_image_thumbnail_20240920081514.jpeg", "credit": "JAXA", "license": { "id": 9, "name": "JAXA Image Usage Policy", "priority": 8, "link": "https://global.jaxa.jp/policy.html" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_26_20200803142507.jpg", "longitude": 130.97, "latitude": 30.4, "timezone_name": "Asia/Tokyo", "total_launch_count": 94, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5458, "location_launch_attempt_count": 63, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 35, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 25, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 16, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2 }, { "id": "e6dfa6db-544c-4407-af89-03640bf75789", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/e6dfa6db-544c-4407-af89-03640bf75789/?format=api", "name": "H-IIA 202 | IGS Optical 4", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "h-iia-202-igs-optical-4", "launch_designator": "2011-050", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-09-08T08:36:03Z", "net": "2011-09-23T04:36:50Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "2011-09-23T04:36:50Z", "window_start": "2011-09-23T04:36:50Z", "image": { "id": 1482, "name": "H-IIA 202 liftoff (XRISM & SLIM)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/h-iia_202_lifto_image_20240325123250.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/h-iia_202_lifto_image_thumbnail_20240325123250.jpeg", "credit": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 98, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/98/?format=api", "name": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "abbrev": "MHI", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "rocket": { "id": 1553, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 32, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/32/?format=api", "name": "H-IIA", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 88, "name": "H-II" } ], "full_name": "H-IIA 202", "variant": "202" } }, "mission": { "id": 6533, "name": "IGS Optical 4", "type": "Government/Top Secret", "description": "The IGS Optical 4 is a Japanese optical reconnaissance satellite. The satellite is operated by the Cabinet Satellite Information Center. The satellite serves both Japan's national defense and civil natural disaster monitoring.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 41, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/41/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 37, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/37/?format=api", "name": "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency", "abbrev": "JAXA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 28, "name": "Japan", "alpha_2_code": "JP", "alpha_3_code": "JPN", "nationality_name": "Japanese", "nationality_name_composed": "Nippo" } ], "description": "The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is Japan's national aero-space agency. Through the merger of three previously independent organizations, JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003. JAXA is responsible for research, technology development and the launch of satellites into orbit, and is involved in many more advanced missions, such as asteroid exploration and possible manned exploration of the Moon. 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Water circulation changes will be observed by a microwave radiometer onboard the GCOM-W (Water) satellite (scheduled to be launched in Japan Fiscal Year 2011). The GCOM-W will observe precipitation, vapor amounts, wind velocity above the ocean, sea water temperatures, water levels on land areas and snow depths. Climate change observation will be performed by a multi-wavelength optical radiometer onboard the GCOM-C (Climate) satellite (under consideration) on clouds, aerosol, seawater color (marine organisms), vegetation, snow and ice. These satellites will enable us to perform comprehensive observations of the surface layer of the Earth such as the atmosphere, including clouds, land, oceans and the cryosphere.\r\n\r\nThe Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) is a sensor to observe radiometers, or microwaves emitted naturally from the ground, sea surface and atmosphere, using 6 different frequency bands ranging from 7 GHz to 89 GHz. The strength of a natural microwave is determined by its characteristics and moisture, including the surface condition and temperature of the material. Although it depends on the frequency, the microwave is very weak. AMSR2 will detect such weak microwaves at an altitude of 700 kilometers and measure the strength of them with a very high accuracy. For example, by measuring the strength of a microwave emitted from the sea surface with the AMSR2, one can understand the water temperature of the sea surface to an accuracy of 0.5 degrees Celsius.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 41, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/41/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 37, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/37/?format=api", "name": "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency", "abbrev": "JAXA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 28, "name": "Japan", "alpha_2_code": "JP", "alpha_3_code": "JPN", "nationality_name": "Japanese", "nationality_name_composed": "Nippo" } ], "description": "The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is Japan's national aero-space agency. 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JAXA launch their Epsilon vehicle from the Uchinoura Space Center and their H-II vehicles from the Tanegashima Space Center.", "administrator": "Administrator: Hiroshi Yamakawa", "founding_year": 2003, "launchers": "H-II", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image": { "id": 16, "name": "[AUTO] Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/japan2520aerospace2520exploration2520agency_image_20190207032440.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184621.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "logo": { "id": 151, "name": "[AUTO] Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency - logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/japan2520aerospace2520exploration2520agency_logo_20190207032440.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185023.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": { "id": 69, "name": "[AUTO] Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency - social_logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/japan2520aerospace2520exploration2520agency_nation_20230531052930.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184813.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } } ], "name": "Yoshinobu Launch Complex LP-1", "image": { "id": 1520, "name": "H-IIA 202 liftoff from LP-1 (IGS Radar 7)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/h-iia25202022_image_20240101101918.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193026.jpeg", "credit": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinobu_Launch_Complex", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=30.400813,130.977748", "latitude": 30.400813, "longitude": 130.977748, "country": { "id": 28, "name": "Japan", "alpha_2_code": "JP", "alpha_3_code": "JPN", "nationality_name": "Japanese", "nationality_name_composed": "Nippo" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_41_20200803143551.jpg", "total_launch_count": 56, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 56, "fastest_turnaround": "P25DT4H54M", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 26, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/26/?format=api", "name": "Tanegashima Space Center, Japan", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7148, "successful_launches": 6605, "failed_launches": 543, "total_attempted_landings": 1102, "successful_landings": 1059, "failed_landings": 43 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 28, "name": "Japan", "alpha_2_code": "JP", "alpha_3_code": "JPN", "nationality_name": "Japanese", "nationality_name_composed": "Nippo" }, "description": "The Tanegashima Space Center is the largest rocket-launch complex in Japan. 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It will also measure atmospheric temperatures and look for evidence of volcanic activity and lightning. The scientific payload consists primarily of cameras in the near-infrared range.\r\n\r\nThe Planet-C main bus is a 1.6 m × 1.6 m × 1.25 m box with two solar array paddles, each with an area of 1.4 square meters, on opposite (+y and -y) sides and a 1.6 m high gain antenna on the +x side. On the opposite side (-x) from the antenna is a 0.45 m long orbital maneuvering engine. The total launch mass of the spacecraft will be 640 kg, including 320 kg of propellants and 34 kg of scientific instruments.\r\n\r\nThe spacecraft was to go into a near equatorial Venus orbit with an apoapsis of about 60,000 to 80,000 km and a very low periapsis.\r\n\r\nOn 7 December 2010, Akatsuki failed to enter orbit around Venus due to a malfunction in the propulsion system. An unexpected pressure drop in the spacecraft's fuel line, or possibly damage to the probe's engine nozzle, are the likely causes. JAXA plans to manoeuvre the probe to try it again five years later.\r\n\r\nTests of the engine in September 2011 resulted in low thrust. The back-up option is to use the RCS for orbit insertion. To enable this, the oxidizer needs to be dumped to reduce the weight of the probe. This will result in a less than optimal orbit. On 7 December 2015, another attempt to enter orbit was successful, this time using the RCS thrusters. It entered a 400 km × ~440000 km orbit of ~3° inclination with an orbital period of 13 days and 14 hours.\r\n\r\nAlso on board is IKAROS (Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation Of the Sun), a experimental a solar sail. It is the world's first solar powered sail craft employing both photon propulsion and thin film solar power generation during its interplanetary cruise. After separation from the carrier rocket, it spun at up to 20 rpm, deploying the membrane and generating solar power by means of thin film solar cells (minimum success level) within several weeks. Acceleration and navigation using the solar sail will then be demonstrated (full success level) within half a year.\r\n\r\nThe shape of the membrane is square, with a diagonal distance of 20m. It is made of polyimide a mere 0.0075 mm thick. In addition to the thin film solar cells, the steering devices and dust-counter sensors are fitted to the membrane. The membrane is deployed, and kept flat, by its spinning motion. Four masses are attached to the four tips of the membrane in order to facilitate deployment. Deployment is in two stages. During the first stage, the membrane is deployed statically, and during the second stage, dynamically. 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