Previous Launch List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /launches/previous/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - agency_launch_attempt_count, agency_launch_attempt_count__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count__lte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, day, id, include_suborbital, is_crewed, last_updated__gte, last_updated__lte, launch_designator, launcher_config__id, location__ids, location_launch_attempt_count, location_launch_attempt_count__gt, location_launch_attempt_count__gte, location_launch_attempt_count__lt, location_launch_attempt_count__lte, location_launch_attempt_count_year, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, lsp__id, lsp__name, mission__agency__ids, mission__orbit__celestial_body__id, mission__orbit__name, mission__orbit__name__icontains, month, name, net__gt, net__gte, net__lt, net__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, pad, pad__location, pad__location__celestial_body__id, pad_launch_attempt_count, pad_launch_attempt_count__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count__lte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, program, related_lsp__id, related_lsp__name, rocket__configuration__full_name, rocket__configuration__full_name__icontains, rocket__configuration__id, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name__icontains, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__id, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name__icontains, serial_number, slug, spacecraft_config__ids, status, status__ids, video_url, window_end__gt, window_end__gte, window_end__lt, window_end__lte, window_start__gt, window_start__gte, window_start__lt, window_start__lte, year
Example - /launches/previous/?pad__location=13
Search
Fields searched - launch_designator, launch_service_provider__name, mission__name, name, pad__location__name, pad__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__abbrev, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name
Example - /launches/previous/?search=Starlink
Ordering
Fields - id, last_updated, name, net
Example - /launches/previous/?ordering=-last_updated
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /launches/previous/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /launches/previous/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - lldev.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&offset=5630&ordering=id
{ "count": 7495, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&limit=10&offset=5640&ordering=id", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&limit=10&offset=5620&ordering=id", "results": [ { "id": "bf5e52fa-bfd2-4627-b4bd-880cfa7a6f10", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/bf5e52fa-bfd2-4627-b4bd-880cfa7a6f10/?format=api", "name": "Delta 7925-8 | Galaxy 1R2", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "delta-7925-8-galaxy-1r2", "launch_designator": "1994-013", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:42:51Z", "net": "1994-02-19T23:45:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "1994-02-19T23:45:00Z", "window_start": "1994-02-19T23:45:00Z", "image": null, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 161, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "abbrev": "USAF", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 6575, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 309, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/309/?format=api", "name": "Delta II", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 72, "name": "Delta" }, { "response_mode": "list", "id": 177, "name": "Delta II" } ], "full_name": "Delta II 7925-8", "variant": "7925-8" } }, "mission": { "id": 4965, "name": "Galaxy 1R2", "type": "Communications", "description": "Geostationary communications satellite", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 1, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/1/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "Space Launch Complex 17B", "image": { "id": 2247, "name": "Delta II 7925H-9.5 from SLC-17B (Dawn)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/delta_ii_7925h-_image_20240922115412.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/delta_ii_7925h-_image_thumbnail_20240922115412.jpeg", "credit": "NASA/Regina Mitchell-Ryall & Jerry Cannon", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_17", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4458,-80.5657", "latitude": 28.4458, "longitude": -80.5657, "country": { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_1_20200803143208.jpg", "total_launch_count": 132, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 132, "fastest_turnaround": "P20DT2H40M34S", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 12, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7484, "successful_launches": 6928, "failed_launches": 556, "total_attempted_landings": 1296, "successful_landings": 1249, "failed_landings": 47 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" }, "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "image": { "id": 2200, "name": "Cape Canaveral & KSC seen from orbit (STS-43)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cape_canaveral__image_20240918151615.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cape_canaveral__image_thumbnail_20240918151616.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "longitude": -80.577778, "latitude": 28.488889, "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1103, "total_landing_count": 72 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3882, "location_launch_attempt_count": 480, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 98, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 937, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 14, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3 }, { "id": "bf74a8d7-9749-40e5-80e1-09f6c0620024", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/bf74a8d7-9749-40e5-80e1-09f6c0620024/?format=api", "name": "PSLV | TECSAR 1", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "pslv-tecsar-1", "launch_designator": "2008-002", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:54:27Z", "net": "2008-01-21T03:45:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "2008-01-21T03:45:00Z", "window_start": "2008-01-21T03:45:00Z", "image": { "id": 1807, "name": "[AUTO] PSLV - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/pslv_image_20230730102956.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193824.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 31, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/31/?format=api", "name": "Indian Space Research Organization", "abbrev": "ISRO", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 7341, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 43, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/43/?format=api", "name": "PSLV", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 131, "name": "PSLV" } ], "full_name": "PSLV-CA", "variant": "CA" } }, "mission": { "id": 5730, "name": "TECSAR 1", "type": "Earth Science", "description": "First Israeli Earth observation SAR satellite", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 50, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/50/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 31, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/31/?format=api", "name": "Indian Space Research Organization", "abbrev": "ISRO", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 9, "name": "India", "alpha_2_code": "IN", "alpha_3_code": "IND", "nationality_name": "Indian", "nationality_name_composed": "Indo" } ], "description": "The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the space agency of the Government of India headquartered in the city of Bangalore. Its vision is to \"harness space technology for national development while pursuing space science research and planetary exploration.\"", "administrator": "Chairman: V. Narayanan", "founding_year": 1969, "launchers": "PSLV | GSLV", "spacecraft": "Gaganyaan", "parent": null, "image": { "id": 14, "name": "[AUTO] Indian Space Research Organization - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/indian2520space2520research2520organization_image_20190215225409.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184615.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "logo": { "id": 141, "name": "[AUTO] Indian Space Research Organization - logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/indian2520space2520research2520organization_logo_20190215225409.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185007.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": { "id": 63, "name": "[AUTO] Indian Space Research Organization - social_logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/indian2520space2520research2520organization_nation_20230624125733.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184805.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } } ], "name": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad", "image": { "id": 1993, "name": "First Launch Pad", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/first_launch_pa_image_20240311093432.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/first_launch_pa_image_thumbnail_20240311093432.jpeg", "credit": "Indian Space Research Organisation", "license": { "id": 11, "name": "Government Open Data License - India (GODL)", "priority": 3, "link": "https://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/Gazette_Notification_OGDL.pdf" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "India has two launch pads at the site. The First Launch Pad, operational since 1993, is used for Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, Small Satellite Launch Vehicle and formerly used by Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_First_Launch_Pad", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=13.733,80.235", "latitude": 13.733, "longitude": 80.235, "country": { "id": 9, "name": "India", "alpha_2_code": "IN", "alpha_3_code": "IND", "nationality_name": "Indian", "nationality_name_composed": "Indo" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_50_20200803143457.jpg", "total_launch_count": 63, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 62, "fastest_turnaround": "P25DT5H56M15S", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 14, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/14/?format=api", "name": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre, India", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7484, "successful_launches": 6928, "failed_launches": 556, "total_attempted_landings": 1296, "successful_landings": 1249, "failed_landings": 47 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 9, "name": "India", "alpha_2_code": "IN", "alpha_3_code": "IND", "nationality_name": "Indian", "nationality_name_composed": "Indo" }, "description": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre – SDSC (formerly Sriharikota Range – SHAR),[1] is the primary spaceport of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), located in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.", "image": { "id": 2212, "name": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/satish_dhawan_s_image_20240919164153.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/satish_dhawan_s_image_thumbnail_20240919164154.png", "credit": "ISRO", "license": { "id": 11, "name": "Government Open Data License - India (GODL)", "priority": 3, "link": "https://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/Gazette_Notification_OGDL.pdf" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_14_20200803142403.jpg", "longitude": 80.23, "latitude": 13.72, "timezone_name": "Asia/Kolkata", "total_launch_count": 103, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4887, "location_launch_attempt_count": 25, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 13, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 25, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1 }, { "id": "bf7eb33e-18ef-4ac3-a906-a14fd7fc8d18", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/bf7eb33e-18ef-4ac3-a906-a14fd7fc8d18/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M | Sfera 10", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "kosmos-3m-sfera-10", "launch_designator": "1973-064", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:27:38Z", "net": "1973-09-08T01:50:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "1973-09-08T01:50:00Z", "window_start": "1973-09-08T01:50:00Z", "image": { "id": 2502, "name": "Kosmos-3M during launch preparation", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/kosmos-3m_durin_image_20251101171325.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/kosmos-3m_durin_image_thumbnail_20251101171326.jpeg", "credit": "Julio Perez Suarez", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 66, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "abbrev": "CCCP", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 4394, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 102, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 97, "name": "Kosmos" } ], "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 2812, "name": "Sfera 10", "type": "Earth Science", "description": "The Sfera or Geoid series were the first soviet geodetic satellites to improve the accuracy of maps. The development of the satellites started in 1965 at NPO-PM.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 167, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/167/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "132/2", "image": null, "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.883,40.869806", "latitude": 62.883, "longitude": 40.869806, "country": { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_167_20200803143417.jpg", "total_launch_count": 172, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 172, "fastest_turnaround": "P2DT5H49M1S", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 6, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7484, "successful_launches": 6928, "failed_launches": 556, "total_attempted_landings": 1296, "successful_landings": 1249, "failed_landings": 47 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" }, "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. 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