Previous Launch List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /launches/previous/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - agency_launch_attempt_count, agency_launch_attempt_count__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count__lte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, day, id, include_suborbital, is_crewed, last_updated__gte, last_updated__lte, launch_designator, launcher_config__id, location__ids, location_launch_attempt_count, location_launch_attempt_count__gt, location_launch_attempt_count__gte, location_launch_attempt_count__lt, location_launch_attempt_count__lte, location_launch_attempt_count_year, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, lsp__id, lsp__name, mission__agency__ids, mission__orbit__celestial_body__id, mission__orbit__name, mission__orbit__name__icontains, month, name, net__gt, net__gte, net__lt, net__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, pad, pad__location, pad__location__celestial_body__id, pad_launch_attempt_count, pad_launch_attempt_count__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count__lte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, program, related_lsp__id, related_lsp__name, rocket__configuration__full_name, rocket__configuration__full_name__icontains, rocket__configuration__id, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name__icontains, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__id, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name__icontains, serial_number, slug, spacecraft_config__ids, status, status__ids, video_url, window_end__gt, window_end__gte, window_end__lt, window_end__lte, window_start__gt, window_start__gte, window_start__lt, window_start__lte, year
Example - /launches/previous/?pad__location=13
Search
Fields searched - launch_designator, launch_service_provider__name, mission__name, name, pad__location__name, pad__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__abbrev, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name
Example - /launches/previous/?search=Starlink
Ordering
Fields - id, last_updated, name, net
Example - /launches/previous/?ordering=-last_updated
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /launches/previous/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /launches/previous/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - lldev.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&offset=4100&ordering=-net
{ "count": 7504, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&limit=10&offset=4110&ordering=-net", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&limit=10&offset=4090&ordering=-net", "results": [ { "id": "02c8db25-7909-4462-bab3-c785a399a013", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/02c8db25-7909-4462-bab3-c785a399a013/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U | Zenit-8 67", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "soyuz-u-zenit-8-67", "launch_designator": "1988-072", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:48:51Z", "net": "1988-08-23T09:20:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "1988-08-23T09:20:00Z", "window_start": "1988-08-23T09:20:00Z", "image": { "id": 1835, "name": "[AUTO] Soyuz U - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193909.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 66, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "abbrev": "CCCP", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 6100, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 37, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 147, "name": "Soyuz" } ], "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 4490, "name": "Zenit-8 67", "type": "Government/Top Secret", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 32, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/32/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "1/5", "image": null, "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.92,63.342", "latitude": 45.92, "longitude": 63.342, "country": { "id": 44, "name": "Kazakhstan", "alpha_2_code": "KZ", "alpha_3_code": "KAZ", "nationality_name": "Kazakh", "nationality_name_composed": "Kazakhstani" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_32_20200803143513.jpg", "total_launch_count": 487, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 487, "fastest_turnaround": "PT23H32M33S", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 15, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7492, "successful_launches": 6936, "failed_launches": 556, "total_attempted_landings": 1298, "successful_landings": 1251, "failed_landings": 47 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 44, "name": "Kazakhstan", "alpha_2_code": "KZ", "alpha_3_code": "KAZ", "nationality_name": "Kazakh", "nationality_name_composed": "Kazakhstani" }, "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "image": { "id": 2198, "name": "Soyuz launch pad at the Baikonur Cosmodrome", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_launch_pa_image_20240918150530.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_launch_pa_image_thumbnail_20240918150530.jpeg", "credit": "NASA/Bill Ingalls", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "longitude": 63.305, "latitude": 45.965, "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1562, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3329, "location_launch_attempt_count": 881, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 263, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2210, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 76, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 33, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 15, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 63 }, { "id": "49fc67aa-d888-4914-a4bc-ea870aee72b3", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/49fc67aa-d888-4914-a4bc-ea870aee72b3/?format=api", "name": "Proton | Gorizont 16", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "proton-gorizont-16", "launch_designator": "1988-071", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:23:43Z", "net": "1988-08-18T19:52:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "1988-08-18T19:52:00Z", "window_start": "1988-08-18T19:52:00Z", "image": { "id": 1803, "name": "[AUTO] Proton - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/proton_image_20231231095535.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193817.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 66, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "abbrev": "CCCP", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 6099, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 80, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/80/?format=api", "name": "Proton", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 130, "name": "Proton / UR-500" } ], "full_name": "Proton K/DM-2", "variant": "K/DM-2" } }, "mission": { "id": 4489, "name": "Gorizont 16", "type": "Communications", "description": "Geostationary communications satellite", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 130, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/130/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "200/40", "image": null, "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.0336111,63.0266949", "latitude": 46.0336111, "longitude": 63.0266949, "country": { "id": 44, "name": "Kazakhstan", "alpha_2_code": "KZ", "alpha_3_code": "KAZ", "nationality_name": "Kazakh", "nationality_name_composed": "Kazakhstani" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_130_20200803143249.jpg", "total_launch_count": 64, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 64, "fastest_turnaround": "P26DT14H45M", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 15, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7492, "successful_launches": 6936, "failed_launches": 556, "total_attempted_landings": 1298, "successful_landings": 1251, "failed_landings": 47 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 44, "name": "Kazakhstan", "alpha_2_code": "KZ", "alpha_3_code": "KAZ", "nationality_name": "Kazakh", "nationality_name_composed": "Kazakhstani" }, "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "image": { "id": 2198, "name": "Soyuz launch pad at the Baikonur Cosmodrome", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_launch_pa_image_20240918150530.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_launch_pa_image_thumbnail_20240918150530.jpeg", "credit": "NASA/Bill Ingalls", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "longitude": 63.305, "latitude": 45.965, "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1562, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3328, "location_launch_attempt_count": 880, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 54, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2209, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 75, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 32, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 62 }, { "id": "1f9b76fc-41c4-418a-9ee3-ec5e882f012b", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/1f9b76fc-41c4-418a-9ee3-ec5e882f012b/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U | Yantar-4K2 40", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "soyuz-u-yantar-4k2-40", "launch_designator": "1988-070", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:48:17Z", "net": "1988-08-16T13:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "1988-08-16T13:00:00Z", "window_start": "1988-08-16T13:00:00Z", "image": { "id": 1835, "name": "[AUTO] Soyuz U - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193909.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 66, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "abbrev": "CCCP", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 6098, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 37, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 147, "name": "Soyuz" } ], "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 4488, "name": "Yantar-4K2 40", "type": "Government/Top Secret", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 32, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/32/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "1/5", "image": null, "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.92,63.342", "latitude": 45.92, "longitude": 63.342, "country": { "id": 44, "name": "Kazakhstan", "alpha_2_code": "KZ", "alpha_3_code": "KAZ", "nationality_name": "Kazakh", "nationality_name_composed": "Kazakhstani" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_32_20200803143513.jpg", "total_launch_count": 487, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 487, "fastest_turnaround": "PT23H32M33S", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 15, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7492, "successful_launches": 6936, "failed_launches": 556, "total_attempted_landings": 1298, "successful_landings": 1251, "failed_landings": 47 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 44, "name": "Kazakhstan", "alpha_2_code": "KZ", "alpha_3_code": "KAZ", "nationality_name": "Kazakh", "nationality_name_composed": "Kazakhstani" }, "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "image": { "id": 2198, "name": "Soyuz launch pad at the Baikonur Cosmodrome", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_launch_pa_image_20240918150530.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_launch_pa_image_thumbnail_20240918150530.jpeg", "credit": "NASA/Bill Ingalls", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "longitude": 63.305, "latitude": 45.965, "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1562, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3327, "location_launch_attempt_count": 879, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 262, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2208, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 74, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 31, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 14, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 61 }, { "id": "c53514ad-9ade-48ed-b7ca-7f492c081836", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/c53514ad-9ade-48ed-b7ca-7f492c081836/?format=api", "name": "Molniya-M | Molniya-1T 73", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "molniya-m-molniya-1t-73", "launch_designator": "1988-069", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:29:16Z", "net": "1988-08-12T12:53:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "1988-08-12T12:53:00Z", "window_start": "1988-08-12T12:53:00Z", "image": { "id": 2509, "name": "Molniya M", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/molniya_m_image_20251102061752.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/molniya_m_image_thumbnail_20251102061752.jpeg", "credit": "Jonathan Space Report", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 66, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "abbrev": "CCCP", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 6097, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 106, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/106/?format=api", "name": "Molniya-M", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 122, "name": "R-7" } ], "full_name": "Molniya-M 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Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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