Previous Launch List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /launches/previous/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - agency_launch_attempt_count, agency_launch_attempt_count__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count__lte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, day, id, include_suborbital, is_crewed, last_updated__gte, last_updated__lte, launch_designator, launcher_config__id, location__ids, location_launch_attempt_count, location_launch_attempt_count__gt, location_launch_attempt_count__gte, location_launch_attempt_count__lt, location_launch_attempt_count__lte, location_launch_attempt_count_year, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, lsp__id, lsp__name, mission__agency__ids, mission__orbit__celestial_body__id, mission__orbit__name, mission__orbit__name__icontains, month, name, net__gt, net__gte, net__lt, net__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, pad, pad__location, pad__location__celestial_body__id, pad_launch_attempt_count, pad_launch_attempt_count__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count__lte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, program, related_lsp__id, related_lsp__name, rocket__configuration__full_name, rocket__configuration__full_name__icontains, rocket__configuration__id, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name__icontains, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__id, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name__icontains, serial_number, slug, spacecraft_config__ids, status, status__ids, video_url, window_end__gt, window_end__gte, window_end__lt, window_end__lte, window_start__gt, window_start__gte, window_start__lt, window_start__lte, year
Example - /launches/previous/?pad__location=13
Search
Fields searched - launch_designator, launch_service_provider__name, mission__name, name, pad__location__name, pad__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__abbrev, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name
Example - /launches/previous/?search=Starlink
Ordering
Fields - id, last_updated, name, net
Example - /launches/previous/?ordering=-last_updated
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /launches/previous/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /launches/previous/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - lldev.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&offset=120&ordering=-net
{ "count": 343, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&limit=10&offset=130&ordering=-net", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&limit=10&offset=110&ordering=-net", "results": [ { "id": "4ed83998-e8bc-4e53-9e07-1ae931ae712f", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/4ed83998-e8bc-4e53-9e07-1ae931ae712f/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9 Block 5 | SDA Tranche 1 Transport Layer B", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "falcon-9-block-5-sda-tranche-1-transport-layer-b", "launch_designator": "2025-203", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2025-09-11T01:30:41Z", "net": "2025-09-10T14:12:11Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "window_end": "2025-09-10T14:27:00Z", "window_start": "2025-09-10T14:12:00Z", "image": { "id": 2455, "name": "Falcon 9 on SLC-4E (SDA-T1TL-B)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon_9_on_slc_image_20250910140450.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon_9_on_slc_image_thumbnail_20250910140451.jpeg", "credit": "SpaceX", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": 100, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 121, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "abbrev": "SpX", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "rocket": { "id": 7892, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 164, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/164/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Falcon" }, { "response_mode": "list", "id": 176, "name": "Falcon 9" } ], "full_name": "Falcon 9 Block 5", "variant": "Block 5" } }, "mission": { "id": 6401, "name": "SDA Tranche 1 Transport Layer B", "type": "Government/Top Secret", "description": "Tranche 1 Transport Layer B is one of six missions by the United States Space Force Space Development Agency (SDA) for the Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture (PWSA) Tranche 1 Transport Layer constellation, which will provide assured, resilient, low-latency military data and connectivity worldwide to the full range of warfighter platforms from Low Earth Orbit satellites.\r\n\r\nThe constellation will be interconnected with Optical Inter-Satellite Links (OISLs) which have significantly increased performance over existing radio frequency crosslinks. It is expected to operate over Ka band, have stereo coverage and be dynamically networked for simpler hand-offs, greater bandwidth and fault tolerance.\r\n\r\nThis launch carries 21 satellites manufactured by York Space Systems.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 13, "name": "Polar Orbit", "abbrev": "PO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1056, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1056/?format=api", "name": "Space Development Agency", "abbrev": "SDA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": false, "country": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "description": "The Space Development Agency (SDA) is a United States Space Force direct-reporting unit tasked with deploying disruptive space technology. A primary focus is space-based missile defense using large global satellite constellations made up of industry-procured low-cost satellites.", "administrator": "Director: Derek Tournear", "founding_year": 2019, "launchers": "", "spacecraft": "", "parent": "United States Space Force", "image": null, "logo": { "id": 184, "name": "[AUTO] Space Development Agency - logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/space2520development2520agency_logo_20230806170522.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185134.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": null, "total_launch_count": 0, "consecutive_successful_launches": 0, "successful_launches": 0, "failed_launches": 0, "pending_launches": 0, "consecutive_successful_landings": 0, "successful_landings": 0, "failed_landings": 0, "attempted_landings": 0, "successful_landings_spacecraft": 0, "failed_landings_spacecraft": 0, "attempted_landings_spacecraft": 0, "successful_landings_payload": 0, "failed_landings_payload": 0, "attempted_landings_payload": 0, "info_url": "https://www.sda.mil/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Development_Agency", "social_media_links": [] } ], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 16, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/16/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "Space Launch Complex 4E", "image": { "id": 1342, "name": "Falcon 9 Block 5 | SARah 2 & 3 from SLC-4E", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon2520925_image_20231223073520.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305192449.jpeg", "credit": "SpaceX", "license": { "id": 5, "name": "CC BY-NC 2.0", "priority": 1, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "description": "Space Launch Complex 4 East (SLC-4E) is a launch site at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, U.S.\r\n\r\nThe pad was previously used by Atlas and Titan rockets between 1963 and 2005. The pad was built for use by Atlas-Agena rockets, but was later rebuilt to handle Titan rockets.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4E", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.632,-120.611", "latitude": 34.632, "longitude": -120.611, "country": { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_16_20200803143532.jpg", "total_launch_count": 238, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 238, "fastest_turnaround": "P2DT10H22M59S", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 11, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7380, "successful_launches": 6832, "failed_launches": 548, "total_attempted_landings": 1242, "successful_landings": 1196, "failed_landings": 46 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" }, "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "image": { "id": 2226, "name": "Vandenberg SFB imaged by Sentinel-2", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/vandenberg_sfb__image_20240920082910.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/vandenberg_sfb__image_thumbnail_20240920082910.jpeg", "credit": "Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2020", "license": { "id": 33, "name": "Copernicus Image Use Policy", "priority": 0, "link": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32013R1159" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "longitude": -120.52023, "latitude": 34.75133, "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 852, "total_landing_count": 30 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 7058, "location_launch_attempt_count": 829, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 215, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 566, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 209, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 43, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 41, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 117 }, { "id": "5777db03-a5d2-4b4f-956a-d8a2830e8fc8", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/5777db03-a5d2-4b4f-956a-d8a2830e8fc8/?format=api", "name": "Long March 7A | Yaogan 45", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "long-march-7a-yaogan-45", "launch_designator": "2025-202", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2025-11-16T15:31:52Z", "net": "2025-09-09T02:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 1, "name": "Minute", "abbrev": "MIN", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the minute." }, "window_end": "2025-09-09T04:10:00Z", "window_start": "2025-09-09T01:52:00Z", "image": { "id": 2617, "name": "CZ-7A Launch (Yaogan 45)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-7a_launch_2_image_20251206093324.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-7a_launch_2_image_thumbnail_20251206093324.jpeg", "credit": "CASC", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 88, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "abbrev": "CASC", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 8703, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 216, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/216/?format=api", "name": "Long March 7A", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 106, "name": "Long March" }, { "response_mode": "list", "id": 114, "name": "Long March 7" } ], "full_name": "Long March 7A", "variant": "A" } }, "mission": { "id": 7296, "name": "Yaogan 45", "type": "Government/Top Secret", "description": "A Chinese military “remote sensing” satellite of unknown purposes.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 12, "name": "Medium Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "MEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 176, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/176/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "201", "image": { "id": 2019, "name": "CZ-8 liftoff from pad 201 (Queqiao-2)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-8_liftoff_2_image_20240320175819.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-8_liftoff_2_image_thumbnail_20240320175820.jpeg", "credit": "秦英健/Qin Yingjian", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=19.618452,110.955356", "latitude": 19.618452, "longitude": 110.955356, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_176_20200803143412.jpg", "total_launch_count": 27, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 27, "fastest_turnaround": "P27DT8H33M", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 8, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/8/?format=api", "name": "Wenchang Space Launch Site, People's Republic of China", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7380, "successful_launches": 6832, "failed_launches": 548, "total_attempted_landings": 1242, "successful_landings": 1196, "failed_landings": 46 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "description": "The Wenchang Space Launch Site is a rocket launch site located in Wenchang on the island of Hainan, in China.\r\n\r\nFormally a suborbital test center, it currently serves as China's southernmost spaceport. The site was selected for its low latitude, 19° north of the equator, allowing for larger payloads to be launched. It is capable of launching the Long March 5, the heaviest Chinese rocket. Unlike launch facilities on the mainland, Wenchang uses its seaport for deliveries.", "image": { "id": 2019, "name": "CZ-8 liftoff from pad 201 (Queqiao-2)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-8_liftoff_2_image_20240320175819.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-8_liftoff_2_image_thumbnail_20240320175820.jpeg", "credit": "秦英健/Qin Yingjian", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_8_20200803142445.jpg", "longitude": 110.951133, "latitude": 19.614492, "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 53, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 7057, "location_launch_attempt_count": 45, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 25, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 541, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 208, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 11, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 40 }, { "id": "2c92e70a-f420-4b4e-823c-a50335b3354a", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/2c92e70a-f420-4b4e-823c-a50335b3354a/?format=api", "name": "Smart Dragon 3 | Geely Constellation Group 05", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "smart-dragon-3-geely-constellation-group-05", "launch_designator": "2025-201", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2025-09-09T05:17:20Z", "net": "2025-09-08T19:48:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 1, "name": "Minute", "abbrev": "MIN", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the minute." }, "window_end": "2025-09-08T20:00:00Z", "window_start": "2025-09-08T19:39:00Z", "image": { "id": 2251, "name": "Smart Dragon 3 liftoff (8 satellites)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/smart_dragon_3__image_20240925074606.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/smart_dragon_3__image_thumbnail_20240925074607.jpeg", "credit": "CASC", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 272, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/272/?format=api", "name": "China Rocket Co. Ltd.", "abbrev": "CHNR", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "rocket": { "id": 8702, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 484, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/484/?format=api", "name": "Smart Dragon 3", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 145, "name": "Smart Dragon" } ], "full_name": "Smart Dragon 3", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 7295, "name": "Geely Constellation Group 05", "type": "Communications", "description": "11 LEO communications satellites for Chinese car manufacturer Geely Automotive for testing autonomous driving/inter-vehicle communication services. They also carry payloads for ocean observation.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 221, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/221/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 88, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "abbrev": "CASC", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" } ], "description": "The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) is the main contractor for the Chinese space program. It is state-owned and has a number of subordinate entities which design, develop and manufacture a range of spacecraft, launch vehicles, strategic and tactical missile systems, and ground equipment. It was officially established in July 1999 as part of a Chinese government reform drive, having previously been one part of the former China Aerospace Corporation. 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