Launch List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /launches/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - agency_launch_attempt_count, agency_launch_attempt_count__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count__lte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, day, id, include_suborbital, is_crewed, last_updated__gte, last_updated__lte, launch_designator, launcher_config__id, location__ids, location_launch_attempt_count, location_launch_attempt_count__gt, location_launch_attempt_count__gte, location_launch_attempt_count__lt, location_launch_attempt_count__lte, location_launch_attempt_count_year, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, lsp__id, lsp__name, mission__agency__ids, mission__orbit__celestial_body__id, mission__orbit__name, mission__orbit__name__icontains, month, name, net__gt, net__gte, net__lt, net__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, pad, pad__location, pad__location__celestial_body__id, pad_launch_attempt_count, pad_launch_attempt_count__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count__lte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, program, related_lsp__id, related_lsp__name, rocket__configuration__full_name, rocket__configuration__full_name__icontains, rocket__configuration__id, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name__icontains, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__id, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name__icontains, serial_number, slug, spacecraft_config__ids, status, status__ids, video_url, window_end__gt, window_end__gte, window_end__lt, window_end__lte, window_start__gt, window_start__gte, window_start__lt, window_start__lte, year
Example - /launches/?pad__location=13
Search
Fields searched - launch_designator, launch_service_provider__name, mission__name, name, pad__location__name, pad__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__abbrev, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name
Example - /launches/?search=Starlink
Ordering
Fields - id, last_updated, name, net
Example - /launches/?ordering=-last_updated
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /launches/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /launches/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - lldev.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/launches/?format=api&offset=520&ordering=last_updated
{ "count": 557, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/?format=api&limit=10&offset=530&ordering=last_updated", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/?format=api&limit=10&offset=510&ordering=last_updated", "results": [ { "id": "f596ad48-881e-47d6-806d-113c6dd97427", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/f596ad48-881e-47d6-806d-113c6dd97427/?format=api", "name": "Pegasus XL | Swift Rescue Mission", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "pegasus-xl-swift-rescue-mission", "launch_designator": null, "status": { "id": 2, "name": "To Be Determined", "abbrev": "TBD", "description": "Current date is a placeholder or rough estimation based on unreliable or interpreted sources." }, "last_updated": "2026-01-04T22:42:34Z", "net": "2026-06-01T00:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 5, "name": "Day", "abbrev": "DAY", "description": "The T-0 is expected on the given day." }, "window_end": "2026-06-01T00:00:00Z", "window_start": "2026-06-01T00:00:00Z", "image": { "id": 1800, "name": "Pegasus XL mounted on the carrier aircraft", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/pegasus_xl_moun_image_20240307124328.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/pegasus_xl_moun_image_thumbnail_20240307124328.jpeg", "credit": "NASA/Laurie Losey", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 257, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/257/?format=api", "name": "Northrop Grumman Space Systems", "abbrev": "NGSS", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "rocket": { "id": 8811, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 173, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/173/?format=api", "name": "Pegasus XL", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 117, "name": "Pegasus" } ], "full_name": "Pegasus XL", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 7402, "name": "Swift Rescue Mission", "type": "Mission Extension", "description": "Contracted by NASA under the Small Business Innovation Research Phase 3 contract, Katalyst Space Technologies' LINK servicing spacecraft will rendezvous and attach to NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory to re-boost its orbit. This aims to demonstrate a key capability for the future of space exploration and extending the Swift mission’s science lifetime in gamma ray astronomy.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 59, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/59/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "Kwajalein Atoll", "image": null, "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=8.716667,167.733333", "latitude": 8.716667, "longitude": 167.733333, "country": { "id": 52, "name": "Marshall Islands", "alpha_2_code": "MH", "alpha_3_code": "MHL", "nationality_name": "Marshallese", "nationality_name_composed": "Marshallese" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_59_20200803143427.jpg", "total_launch_count": 4, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4, "fastest_turnaround": "P186DT44M35S", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 20, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/20/?format=api", "name": "Air launch to orbit", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7394, "successful_launches": 6844, "failed_launches": 550, "total_attempted_landings": 1246, "successful_landings": 1199, "failed_landings": 47 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 17, "name": "Unknown", "alpha_2_code": "??", "alpha_3_code": "???", "nationality_name": "Earthling", "nationality_name_composed": "Earthling" }, "description": "", "image": { "id": 33, "name": "Virgin Orbit LauncherOne", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin2520orbit_image_20200101110056.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184714.jpeg", "credit": "Virgin Orbit", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_20_20200803142433.jpg", "longitude": null, "latitude": null, "timezone_name": "", "total_launch_count": 51, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 7235, "location_launch_attempt_count": 52, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 17, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 62, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2 }, { "id": "b7c38b80-6ce7-4ab0-8010-19ee11e26fc5", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/b7c38b80-6ce7-4ab0-8010-19ee11e26fc5/?format=api", "name": "Smart Dragon 3 | Unknown Payload", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "smart-dragon-3-unknown-payload", "launch_designator": null, "status": { "id": 8, "name": "To Be Confirmed", "abbrev": "TBC", "description": "Awaiting official confirmation - current date is known with some certainty." }, "last_updated": "2026-01-07T01:56:30Z", "net": "2026-01-20T06:30:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 2, "name": "Hour", "abbrev": "HR", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the hour." }, "window_end": "2026-01-20T10:00:00Z", "window_start": "2026-01-20T04:00:00Z", "image": { "id": 2251, "name": "Smart Dragon 3 liftoff (8 satellites)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/smart_dragon_3__image_20240925074606.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/smart_dragon_3__image_thumbnail_20240925074607.jpeg", "credit": "CASC", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 272, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/272/?format=api", "name": "China Rocket Co. Ltd.", "abbrev": "CHNR", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "rocket": { "id": 8861, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 484, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/484/?format=api", "name": "Smart Dragon 3", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 145, "name": "Smart Dragon" } ], "full_name": "Smart Dragon 3", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 7452, "name": "Unknown Payload", "type": "Unknown", "description": "Possibly an Earth observation satellite for the Pakistan government's SUPARCO, details TBD.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 25, "name": "Unknown", "abbrev": "N/A", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 221, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/221/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 88, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "abbrev": "CASC", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" } ], "description": "The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) is the main contractor for the Chinese space program. It is state-owned and has a number of subordinate entities which design, develop and manufacture a range of spacecraft, launch vehicles, strategic and tactical missile systems, and ground equipment. It was officially established in July 1999 as part of a Chinese government reform drive, having previously been one part of the former China Aerospace Corporation. Various incarnations of the program date back to 1956.", "administrator": "Chairman & President: Lei Fanpei", "founding_year": 1999, "launchers": "Long March", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image": { "id": 8, "name": "[AUTO] China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/china2520aerospace2520science2520and2520technology2520corporation_image_20191228094408.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184558.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "logo": { "id": 124, "name": "[AUTO] China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation - logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/china2520aerospace2520science2520and2520technology2520corporation_logo_20220826093937.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184933.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": { "id": 50, "name": "[AUTO] China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation - social_logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/china2520aerospace2520science2520and2520technology2520corporation_nation_20230604193716.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184746.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } } ], "name": "Oriental Spaceport mobile launch ship", "image": null, "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=35.391667%2C119.598667", "latitude": 35.391667, "longitude": 119.598667, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_oriental_spaceport_mobile_launch_ship_20240529085416.jpg", "total_launch_count": 7, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 7, "fastest_turnaround": "P15DT12H8M", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 185, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/185/?format=api", "name": "Haiyang Oriental Spaceport", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7394, "successful_launches": 6844, "failed_launches": 550, "total_attempted_landings": 1246, "successful_landings": 1199, "failed_landings": 47 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "description": "Chinese orbital launch vehicle launches supporting sea port located at Haiyang, Shandong Province, with dedicated piers and rocket/payload processing facilities for Chinese launch vehicles’ sea launches, and (as part of its expansion project) land based launch pads on artificial islands for various test vehicles and launch vehicles of private and government launch services providers.\r\n\r\nIn operation as a remote base of Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center since 2019.", "image": { "id": 1355, "name": "Gravity-1 liftoff from Haiyang Spaceport (Maiden flight)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/gravity-12520_image_20240112065126.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305192513.jpeg", "credit": "OrienSpace", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_haiyang_oriental_spaceport_20251128181322.jpg", "longitude": 121.235103, "latitude": 36.676794, "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 21, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 7189, "location_launch_attempt_count": 23, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 9, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 10, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 16, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1 }, { "id": "2e15e3c4-408b-48a2-a647-4818df4eebc4", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/2e15e3c4-408b-48a2-a647-4818df4eebc4/?format=api", "name": "Long March 8A | Unknown Payload", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "long-march-8a-unknown-payload", "launch_designator": null, "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Go for Launch", "abbrev": "Go", "description": "Current T-0 confirmed by official or reliable sources." }, "last_updated": "2026-01-07T02:03:15Z", "net": "2026-01-13T15:45:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 2, "name": "Hour", "abbrev": "HR", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the hour." }, "window_end": "2026-01-13T16:03:00Z", "window_start": "2026-01-13T15:38:00Z", "image": { "id": 2616, "name": "CZ-8A Launch (SatNet LEO Group 14)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-8a_launch_2_image_20251206093107.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-8a_launch_2_image_thumbnail_20251206093108.jpeg", "credit": "CASC", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 88, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "abbrev": "CASC", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 8872, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 518, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/518/?format=api", "name": "Long March 8A", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 106, "name": "Long March" }, { "response_mode": "list", "id": 115, "name": "Long March 8" } ], "full_name": "Long March 8A", "variant": "A" } }, "mission": { "id": 7463, "name": "Unknown Payload", "type": "Unknown", "description": "Details TBD.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 25, "name": "Unknown", "abbrev": "N/A", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 218, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/218/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "Commercial LC-1", "image": null, "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Commercial_Space_Launch_Site", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=19.597275,110.930753", "latitude": 19.597275, "longitude": 110.930753, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_commercial_lc-1_20231225074041.jpg", "total_launch_count": 6, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6, "fastest_turnaround": "P19DT15H33M", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 8, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/8/?format=api", "name": "Wenchang Space Launch Site, People's Republic of China", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7394, "successful_launches": 6844, "failed_launches": 550, "total_attempted_landings": 1246, "successful_landings": 1199, "failed_landings": 47 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "description": "The Wenchang Space Launch Site is a rocket launch site located in Wenchang on the island of Hainan, in China.\r\n\r\nFormally a suborbital test center, it currently serves as China's southernmost spaceport. The site was selected for its low latitude, 19° north of the equator, allowing for larger payloads to be launched. It is capable of launching the Long March 5, the heaviest Chinese rocket. 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The second stage of the Starship — is designed as a long-duration cargo and passenger-carrying spacecraft. 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