Launch List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /launches/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - agency_launch_attempt_count, agency_launch_attempt_count__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count__lte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, day, id, include_suborbital, is_crewed, last_updated__gte, last_updated__lte, launch_designator, launcher_config__id, location__ids, location_launch_attempt_count, location_launch_attempt_count__gt, location_launch_attempt_count__gte, location_launch_attempt_count__lt, location_launch_attempt_count__lte, location_launch_attempt_count_year, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, lsp__id, lsp__name, mission__orbit__celestial_body__id, mission__orbit__name, mission__orbit__name__icontains, month, name, net__gt, net__gte, net__lt, net__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, pad, pad__location, pad__location__celestial_body__id, pad_launch_attempt_count, pad_launch_attempt_count__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count__lte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, program, related_lsp__id, related_lsp__name, rocket__configuration__full_name, rocket__configuration__full_name__icontains, rocket__configuration__id, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name__icontains, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__id, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name__icontains, serial_number, slug, spacecraft_config__ids, status, status__ids, video_url, window_end__gt, window_end__gte, window_end__lt, window_end__lte, window_start__gt, window_start__gte, window_start__lt, window_start__lte, year
Example - /launches/?pad__location=13
Search
Fields searched - launch_designator, launch_service_provider__name, mission__name, name, pad__location__name, pad__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__abbrev, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name
Example - /launches/?search=Starlink
Ordering
Fields - id, last_updated, name, net
Example - /launches/?ordering=-last_updated
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /launches/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /launches/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - lldev.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/launches/?format=api&offset=314&ordering=net
{ "count": 472, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/?format=api&limit=10&offset=324&ordering=net", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/?format=api&limit=10&offset=304&ordering=net", "results": [ { "id": "82aef7fd-9664-4e94-970c-5e99eff1b331", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/82aef7fd-9664-4e94-970c-5e99eff1b331/?format=api", "name": "Long March 12 | SatNet LEO Group TBD?", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "long-march-12-satnet-leo-group-tbd", "launch_designator": null, "status": { "id": 2, "name": "To Be Determined", "abbrev": "TBD", "description": "Current date is a placeholder or rough estimation based on unreliable or interpreted sources." }, "last_updated": "2025-06-28T17:28:28Z", "net": "2025-09-30T00:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 10, "name": "Quarter 3", "abbrev": "Q3", "description": "The T-0 is expected in the third quarter of the given year." }, "window_end": "2025-09-30T00:00:00Z", "window_start": "2025-09-30T00:00:00Z", "image": { "id": 2282, "name": "CZ-12 on its launch pad.", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-12_on_its_la_image_20241128132937.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-12_on_its_la_image_thumbnail_20241128132937.jpeg", "credit": "Unknown", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 88, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "abbrev": "CASC", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 8600, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 517, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/517/?format=api", "name": "Long March 12", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 106, "name": "Long March" }, { "response_mode": "list", "id": 205, "name": "Long March 12" } ], "full_name": "Long March 12", "variant": "12" } }, "mission": { "id": 7192, "name": "SatNet LEO Group TBD?", "type": "Communications", "description": "A batch of Low Earth Orbit communication satellites for the Chinese state owned SatNet constellation operated by the China Satellite Network Group.\r\n\r\nThe constellation will eventually consists of 13000 satellites.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 219, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/219/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "Commercial LC-2", "image": null, "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Commercial_Space_Launch_Site", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=19.59755,110.936481", "latitude": 19.59755, "longitude": 110.936481, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_commercial_lc-2_20231225074048.jpg", "total_launch_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1, "fastest_turnaround": null, "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 8, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/8/?format=api", "name": "Wenchang Space Launch Site, People's Republic of China", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7207, "successful_launches": 6662, "failed_launches": 545, "total_attempted_landings": 1143, "successful_landings": 1098, "failed_landings": 45 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "description": "The Wenchang Space Launch Site is a rocket launch site located in Wenchang on the island of Hainan, in China.\r\n\r\nFormally a suborbital test center, it currently serves as China's southernmost spaceport. The site was selected for its low latitude, 19° north of the equator, allowing for larger payloads to be launched. It is capable of launching the Long March 5, the heaviest Chinese rocket. Unlike launch facilities on the mainland, Wenchang uses its seaport for deliveries.", "image": { "id": 2019, "name": "CZ-8 liftoff from pad 201 (Queqiao-2)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-8_liftoff_2_image_20240320175819.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-8_liftoff_2_image_thumbnail_20240320175820.jpeg", "credit": "秦英健/Qin Yingjian", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_8_20200803142445.jpg", "longitude": 110.951133, "latitude": 19.614492, "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 39, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 7031, "location_launch_attempt_count": 42, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 533, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 182, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 32 }, { "id": "c1dc33ba-c9cc-4c1d-ad9f-120096f60be3", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/c1dc33ba-c9cc-4c1d-ad9f-120096f60be3/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9 Block 5 | TRACERS", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "falcon-9-block-5-tracers", "launch_designator": null, "status": { "id": 2, "name": "To Be Determined", "abbrev": "TBD", "description": "Current date is a placeholder or rough estimation based on unreliable or interpreted sources." }, "last_updated": "2025-05-02T14:46:27Z", "net": "2025-09-30T00:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 10, "name": "Quarter 3", "abbrev": "Q3", "description": "The T-0 is expected in the third quarter of the given year." }, "window_end": "2025-09-30T00:00:00Z", "window_start": "2025-09-30T00:00:00Z", "image": { "id": 1736, "name": "[AUTO] Falcon 9 - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon_9_image_20230807133459.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193628.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 121, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "abbrev": "SpX", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "rocket": { "id": 8510, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 164, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/164/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Falcon" }, { "response_mode": "list", "id": 176, "name": "Falcon 9" } ], "full_name": "Falcon 9 Block 5", "variant": "Block 5" } }, "mission": { "id": 7100, "name": "TRACERS", "type": "Heliophysics", "description": "NASA's Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites (TRACERS) mission, consisting of two identical satellites that will orbit Earth in tandem (one following the other), will help understand magnetic re-connection and its effects in Earth’s atmosphere. Magnetic re-connection occurs when activity from the Sun interacts with Earth’s magnetic field. By understanding this process, scientists will be able to better understand and prepare for impacts of solar activity on Earth.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 16, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/16/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "Space Launch Complex 4E", "image": { "id": 1342, "name": "Falcon 9 Block 5 | SARah 2 & 3 from SLC-4E", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon2520925_image_20231223073520.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305192449.jpeg", "credit": "SpaceX", "license": { "id": 5, "name": "CC BY-NC 2.0", "priority": 1, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "description": "Space Launch Complex 4 East (SLC-4E) is a launch site at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, U.S.\r\n\r\nThe pad was previously used by Atlas and Titan rockets between 1963 and 2005. The pad was built for use by Atlas-Agena rockets, but was later rebuilt to handle Titan rockets.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4E", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.632,-120.611", "latitude": 34.632, "longitude": -120.611, "country": { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_16_20200803143532.jpg", "total_launch_count": 202, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 202, "fastest_turnaround": "P2DT22H21M10S", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 11, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7207, "successful_launches": 6662, "failed_launches": 545, "total_attempted_landings": 1143, "successful_landings": 1098, "failed_landings": 45 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" }, "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "image": { "id": 2226, "name": "Vandenberg SFB imaged by Sentinel-2", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/vandenberg_sfb__image_20240920082910.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/vandenberg_sfb__image_thumbnail_20240920082910.jpeg", "credit": "Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2020", "license": { "id": 33, "name": "Copernicus Image Use Policy", "priority": 0, "link": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32013R1159" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "longitude": -120.52023, "latitude": 34.75133, "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 816, "total_landing_count": 26 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 7031, "location_launch_attempt_count": 819, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 205, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 548, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 182, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 33, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 31, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 99 }, { "id": "7b60de1e-7d8a-4213-a2f5-44a01ae21e28", "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/7b60de1e-7d8a-4213-a2f5-44a01ae21e28/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz 2.1a | Obzor-R No.1", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "soyuz-21a-obzor-r-no1", "launch_designator": null, "status": { "id": 2, "name": "To Be Determined", "abbrev": "TBD", "description": "Current date is a placeholder or rough estimation based on unreliable or interpreted sources." }, "last_updated": "2025-03-06T06:50:22Z", "net": "2025-09-30T00:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 10, "name": "Quarter 3", "abbrev": "Q3", "description": "The T-0 is expected in the third quarter of the given year." }, "window_end": "2025-09-30T00:00:00Z", "window_start": "2025-09-30T00:00:00Z", "image": { "id": 1828, "name": "[AUTO] Soyuz 2.1a - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_2.1a_image_20230805184309.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193857.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 2509, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 24, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/24/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz 2.1a", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 147, "name": "Soyuz" }, { "response_mode": "list", "id": 190, "name": "Soyuz 2" } ], "full_name": "Soyuz 2.1a", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 6636, "name": "Obzor-R No.1", "type": "Earth Science", "description": "The Russian Obzor-R satellite is a planned X-band radar earth observation satellite designed by TsSKB-Progress.\r\n\r\nIn 2012, the development of the Arkon-2M radar satellite was stopped and instead the development of the Obzor-R was initiated.\r\n\r\nThe satellite features the BRLK X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar as the imaging instrument with a ground resolution of 500 m.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 48, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/48/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 163, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/163/?format=api", "name": "Russian Aerospace Defence Forces", "abbrev": "VKO", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": false, "country": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "description": null, "administrator": null, "founding_year": null, "launchers": "", "spacecraft": "", "parent": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "image": null, "logo": null, "social_logo": null } ], "name": "Unknown Pad", "image": null, "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.925556,40.577778", "latitude": 62.925556, "longitude": 40.577778, "country": { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_48_20200803143459.jpg", "total_launch_count": 0, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 0, "fastest_turnaround": null, "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 6, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7207, "successful_launches": 6662, "failed_launches": 545, "total_attempted_landings": 1143, "successful_landings": 1098, "failed_landings": 45 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" }, "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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