Astronaut List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /astronauts/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - age, age__gt, age__gte, age__lt, age__lte, agency_ids, date_of_birth, date_of_birth__gt, date_of_birth__gte, date_of_birth__lt, date_of_birth__lte, date_of_death, date_of_death__gt, date_of_death__gte, date_of_death__lt, date_of_death__lte, first_flight, first_flight__gt, first_flight__gte, first_flight__lt, first_flight__lte, flights_count, flights_count__gt, flights_count__gte, flights_count__lt, flights_count__lte, has_flown, in_space, is_human, landings_count, landings_count__gt, landings_count__gte, landings_count__lt, landings_count__lte, last_flight, last_flight__gt, last_flight__gte, last_flight__lt, last_flight__lte, nationality, status_ids, type__id
Example - /astronauts/?has_flown=true
Search
Fields searched - agency__abbrev, agency__name, name, nationality__nationality_name
Example - /astronauts/?search=Pesquet
Ordering
Fields - age, date_of_birth, eva_time, flights_count, id, landings_count, last_flight, name, spacewalks_count, status, time_in_space
Example - /astronauts/?ordering=-time_in_space
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /astronauts/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /astronauts/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - lldev.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/astronauts/?format=api&offset=790&ordering=spacewalks_count
{ "count": 819, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/?format=api&limit=10&offset=800&ordering=spacewalks_count", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/?format=api&limit=10&offset=780&ordering=spacewalks_count", "results": [ { "id": 56, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/56/?format=api", "name": "Viktor Afanasyev", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 510, "name": "[AUTO] Viktor Afanasyev - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/viktor2520afanasyev_image_20181128215901.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190036.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P555DT18H34M26S", "eva_time": "P1DT14H33M", "age": 76, "date_of_birth": "1948-12-31", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "bio": "Viktor Mikhailovich Afanasyev Russian: Виктор Михайлович Афанасьев; born 31 December 1948) is a colonel in the Russian Air Force and a test cosmonaut of the Yu. A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Afanasyev_(cosmonaut)", "last_flight": "2001-10-21T08:59:35Z", "first_flight": "1990-12-02T08:13:32Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 4, "landings_count": 4, "spacewalks_count": 7 }, { "id": 454, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/454/?format=api", "name": "Scott E. Parazynski", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 451, "name": "[AUTO] Scott E. Parazynski - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/scott2520e.2520parazynski_image_20181202145657.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185903.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P57DT15H31M23S", "eva_time": "P1DT23H5M", "age": 63, "date_of_birth": "1961-07-28", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "Scott Edward Parazynski is an American physician and a former NASA astronaut. A veteran of five Space Shuttle flights and seven spacewalks, Parazynski's latest mission was STS-120 in October, 2007 – highlighted by a dramatic, unplanned EVA to repair a live solar array. In May 2016 he was inducted into the US Astronaut Hall of Fame. He retired from NASA in March 2009 to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities in the private sector, and he is currently the CEO of a technology start-up. He is the first person to have both flown in space and summited Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_E._Parazynski", "last_flight": "2007-10-23T15:38:19Z", "first_flight": "1994-11-03T16:59:43Z", "social_media_links": [ { "id": 82, "social_media": { "id": 1, "name": "X", "url": "https://x.com", "logo": { "id": 2320, "name": "X logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_20250211191027.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_thumbnail_20250211191027.jpeg", "credit": "X", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "url": "https://twitter.com/AstroDocScott" }, { "id": 83, "social_media": { "id": 2, "name": "Instagram", "url": "https://instagram.com", "logo": { "id": 2322, "name": "Instagram logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/instagram_logo_image_20250211191139.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/instagram_logo_image_thumbnail_20250211191139.png", "credit": "Instagram", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "url": "https://www.instagram.com/astrodocscott/" } ], "flights_count": 5, "landings_count": 5, "spacewalks_count": 7 }, { "id": 528, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/528/?format=api", "name": "Michael E. Fossum", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 927, "name": "[AUTO] Michael E. Fossum - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/michael_e._foss_image_20220911033951.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191143.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P193DT19H2M8S", "eva_time": "P2DT32M", "age": 67, "date_of_birth": "1957-12-19", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "Michael Edward Fossum is a former American astronaut and the Chief Operating Officer of Texas A&M University at Galveston. He flew into space on board the NASA Space Shuttle missions STS-121 and STS-124 and served as a mission specialist of Expedition 28 and commander of Expedition 29 aboard the International Space Station.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Fossum", "last_flight": "2011-06-07T20:12:45Z", "first_flight": "2006-07-04T18:37:55Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 7 }, { "id": 278, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/278/?format=api", "name": "Pavel Vinogradov", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 373, "name": "[AUTO] Pavel Vinogradov - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/pavel2520vinogradov_image_20181201224203.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185703.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P546DT22H31M26S", "eva_time": "P1DT14H25M", "age": 71, "date_of_birth": "1953-08-31", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "bio": "Pavel Vladimirovich Vinogradov (Russian: Павел Владимирович Виноградов; born August 31, 1953 in Magadan, USSR) is a cosmonaut and former commander of the International Space Station. As of May 2013, he has flown into space three times, aboard Mir and the International Space Station, and is one of the top 10 astronauts in terms of total time in space. Vinogradov has also conducted seven spacewalks in his cosmonaut career, and holds the record for the oldest person to perform a spacewalk.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Vinogradov", "last_flight": "2013-03-28T20:43:20Z", "first_flight": "1997-08-05T15:35:54Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 7 }, { "id": 174, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/174/?format=api", "name": "Sergei Krikalev", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 901, "name": "[AUTO] Sergei Krikalev - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/sergei2520krikalev_image_20181129234055.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191103.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P803DT13H47M10S", "eva_time": "P1DT17H27M", "age": 66, "date_of_birth": "1958-08-27", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "bio": "Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev (Russian: Серге́й Константинович Крикалёв, also transliterated as Sergei Krikalyov; born August 27, 1958) is a Russian cosmonaut and mechanical engineer. As a prominent rocket scientist, he is a veteran of six space flights and ranks third to Gennady Padalka and Yuri Malenchenko for the amount of time in space: a total of 803 days, 9 hours, and 38 minutes.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Krikalev", "last_flight": "2005-04-15T00:46:25Z", "first_flight": "1988-11-26T15:49:34Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 6, "landings_count": 6, "spacewalks_count": 8 }, { "id": 584, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/584/?format=api", "name": "Sergey Prokopyev", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 805, "name": "[AUTO] Sergey Prokopyev - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/sergey2520prokopyev_image_20181207031221.jfif", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190826.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P567DT15H11M30S", "eva_time": "P2DT5H17M27S", "age": 50, "date_of_birth": "1975-02-19", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "bio": "Sergei Valeriyevich Prokopyev, born 19 February 1975 is a Russian cosmonaut. He is the commander of Soyuz MS-09, and flight engineer of Expedition 56/57 to the International space station.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Prokopyev_(cosmonaut)", "last_flight": "2022-09-21T13:54:49Z", "first_flight": "2018-06-06T11:12:41Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 8 }, { "id": 17, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/17/?format=api", "name": "Oleg Artemyev", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 931, "name": "[AUTO] Oleg Artemyev - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/oleg_artemyev_image_20220316173454.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191149.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P560DT18H7M55S", "eva_time": "P2DT5H31M", "age": 54, "date_of_birth": "1970-12-28", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "bio": "Oleg Germanovich Artemyev (Russian: Олег Германович Артемьев) is a Russian Cosmonaut for the Russian Federal Space Agency. He was selected as part of the RKKE-15 Cosmonaut group in 2003. He was a Flight engineer of Expedition 39 and 40 to the International Space Station, and in 2018 he returned to space as the Commander of Soyuz MS-08.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Artemyev", "last_flight": "2022-03-18T15:55:19Z", "first_flight": "2014-03-25T21:17:23Z", "social_media_links": [ { "id": 186, "social_media": { "id": 1, "name": "X", "url": "https://x.com", "logo": { "id": 2320, "name": "X logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_20250211191027.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_thumbnail_20250211191027.jpeg", "credit": "X", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "url": "https://twitter.com/OlegMKS" }, { "id": 187, "social_media": { "id": 2, "name": "Instagram", "url": "https://instagram.com", "logo": { "id": 2322, "name": "Instagram logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/instagram_logo_image_20250211191139.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/instagram_logo_image_thumbnail_20250211191139.png", "credit": "Instagram", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "url": "https://www.instagram.com/olegmks/" } ], "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 8 }, { "id": 258, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/258/?format=api", "name": "Vladimir Solovyov", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 625, "name": "[AUTO] Vladimir Solovyov - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/vladimir2520solovyov_image_20181201221452.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190337.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P361DT22H50M30S", "eva_time": "P1DT7H40M", "age": 78, "date_of_birth": "1946-11-11", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "bio": "Vladimir Alekseyevich Solovyov (Russian: Влади́мир Алексе́евич Соловьёв; born 11 November 1946) is a former Soviet cosmonaut.\r\n\r\nHe was selected as a cosmonaut on 1 December 1978 and flew as Flight Engineer on Soyuz T-10 and Soyuz T-15, spending a total of 361 days, 22 hours, 49 minutes in space. His first flight, Soyuz T-10, took off on 8 February 1984, to join Salyut 7. The crew spent ten months (nearly 237 days) performing numerous medical and space manufacturing experiments. They came down aboard Soyuz T-11 on 2 October 1984. Solovyov's second flight was aboard Soyuz T-15, taking off on 13 March 1986 and coming back aboard the same craft on 16 July 1986, 125 days later. During the T-15 mission, the crew transferred equipment from Salyut-7 to the new Mir space station; they were the last aboard the former and the first aboard the latter.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(cosmonaut)", "last_flight": "1986-03-13T12:33:09Z", "first_flight": "1984-02-08T12:07:26Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 8 }, { "id": 215, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/215/?format=api", "name": "Yury Onufriyenko", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 900, "name": "[AUTO] Yury Onufriyenko - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/yury2520onufriyenko_image_20181201184528.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191102.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P389DT14H46M12S", "eva_time": "P1DT18H32M", "age": 64, "date_of_birth": "1961-02-06", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "bio": "Col. Yuri Ivanovich Onufriyenko (Russian: Юрий Иванович Онуфриенко, Ukrainian: Юрій Іванович Онуфрієнко) (born 6 February 1961) is a retired Russian cosmonaut. He is a veteran of two extended spaceflights, aboard the space station Mir in 1996 and aboard the International Space Station in 2001-2002.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Onufriyenko", "last_flight": "2001-12-05T22:19:28Z", "first_flight": "1996-02-21T12:34:05Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 8 }, { "id": 449, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/449/?format=api", "name": "John M. Grunsfeld", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 829, "name": "[AUTO] John M. Grunsfeld - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/john2520m.2520grunsfeld_image_20181202144850.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190903.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P58DT15H3M26S", "eva_time": "P2DT10H30M", "age": 66, "date_of_birth": "1958-10-10", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "John Mace Grunsfeld is an American physicist and a former NASA astronaut. He is a veteran of five Space Shuttle flights and has served as NASA Chief Scientist. His academic background includes research in high energy astrophysics, cosmic ray physics and the emerging field of exoplanet studies with specific interest in future astronomical instrumentation. After retiring from NASA in 2009, he served as the Deputy Director of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland. In January 2012, he returned to NASA and served as associate administrator of NASA's Science Mission Directorate (SMD). 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