Astronaut List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /astronauts/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - age, age__gt, age__gte, age__lt, age__lte, agency_ids, date_of_birth, date_of_birth__gt, date_of_birth__gte, date_of_birth__lt, date_of_birth__lte, date_of_death, date_of_death__gt, date_of_death__gte, date_of_death__lt, date_of_death__lte, first_flight, first_flight__gt, first_flight__gte, first_flight__lt, first_flight__lte, flights_count, flights_count__gt, flights_count__gte, flights_count__lt, flights_count__lte, has_flown, in_space, is_human, landings_count, landings_count__gt, landings_count__gte, landings_count__lt, landings_count__lte, last_flight, last_flight__gt, last_flight__gte, last_flight__lt, last_flight__lte, nationality, status_ids, type__id
Example - /astronauts/?has_flown=true
Search
Fields searched - agency__abbrev, agency__name, name, nationality__nationality_name
Example - /astronauts/?search=Pesquet
Ordering
Fields - age, date_of_birth, eva_time, flights_count, id, landings_count, last_flight, name, spacewalks_count, status, time_in_space
Example - /astronauts/?ordering=-time_in_space
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /astronauts/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /astronauts/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - lldev.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/astronauts/?format=api&offset=750&ordering=eva_time
{ "count": 813, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/?format=api&limit=10&offset=760&ordering=eva_time", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/?format=api&limit=10&offset=740&ordering=eva_time", "results": [ { "id": 557, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/557/?format=api", "name": "Thomas Marshburn", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 743, "name": "[AUTO] Thomas Marshburn - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/thomas_marshbur_image_20211001184611.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190651.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P337DT9H42M44S", "eva_time": "P1DT7H1M", "age": 64, "date_of_birth": "1960-08-29", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "Thomas Henry \"Tom\" Marshburn is an American physician and a NASA astronaut. He served as a Mission Specialist on STS-127. Marshburn was a member of the Soyuz TMA-07M crew which launched to ISS in December 2012 to join Expedition 34. Served as flight engineer for Expedition 34 and 35.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Marshburn", "last_flight": "2021-11-11T02:03:31Z", "first_flight": "2009-07-15T22:03:10Z", "social_media_links": [ { "id": 132, "social_media": { "id": 1, "name": "X", "url": "https://x.com", "logo": { "id": 2320, "name": "X logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_20250211191027.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_thumbnail_20250211191027.jpeg", "credit": "X", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "url": "https://twitter.com/AstroMarshburn" } ], "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 5 }, { "id": 543, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/543/?format=api", "name": "Barry E. Wilmore", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 732, "name": "[AUTO] Barry E. Wilmore - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/barry_e._wilmor_image_20220911034601.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190634.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P464DT8H2M36S", "eva_time": "P1DT7H2M", "age": 62, "date_of_birth": "1962-12-29", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "Barry Eugene \"Butch\" Wilmore is a NASA astronaut and United States Navy test pilot. He has had two spaceflights, the first of which was an 11-day Space Shuttle mission in November 2009, to the International Space Station. Wilmore was designated as pilot with five other crew members on Space Shuttle Atlantis for the mission STS-129. He most recently served as part of Expedition 41 to the International Space Station.\r\n\r\nPrior to being selected as a NASA astronaut in July 2000, Wilmore was an experienced Navy test pilot. He also participated in the development of T-45 Goshawk trainer jet.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_E._Wilmore", "last_flight": "2024-06-05T14:52:15Z", "first_flight": "2009-11-16T19:28:09Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 5 }, { "id": 162, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/162/?format=api", "name": "Leonid Kizim", "status": { "id": 11, "name": "Deceased" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 527, "name": "[AUTO] Leonid Kizim - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/leonid2520kizim_image_20181129232451.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190101.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P374DT17H58M12S", "eva_time": "P1DT7H40M", "age": 68, "date_of_birth": "1941-08-05", "date_of_death": "2010-06-14", "nationality": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "bio": "Leonid Denisovich Kizim (Кизим Леонид Денисович) (August 5, 1941 – June 14, 2010) was a Soviet cosmonaut.\r\n\r\nHe was selected as a cosmonaut on October 23, 1965. Kizim flew as Commander on Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-10 and Soyuz T-15, and also served as backup commander for Soyuz T-2. All together he spent 374 days 17 hours 56 minutes in space. On Soyuz T-15, he was part of the only crew to visit two space stations on one spaceflight (Mir and Salyut 7).", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kizim", "last_flight": "1986-03-13T12:33:09Z", "first_flight": "1980-11-27T14:18:28Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 8 }, { "id": 258, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/258/?format=api", "name": "Vladimir Solovyov", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 625, "name": "[AUTO] Vladimir Solovyov - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/vladimir2520solovyov_image_20181201221452.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190337.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P361DT22H50M30S", "eva_time": "P1DT7H40M", "age": 78, "date_of_birth": "1946-11-11", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "bio": "Vladimir Alekseyevich Solovyov (Russian: Влади́мир Алексе́евич Соловьёв; born 11 November 1946) is a former Soviet cosmonaut.\r\n\r\nHe was selected as a cosmonaut on 1 December 1978 and flew as Flight Engineer on Soyuz T-10 and Soyuz T-15, spending a total of 361 days, 22 hours, 49 minutes in space. His first flight, Soyuz T-10, took off on 8 February 1984, to join Salyut 7. The crew spent ten months (nearly 237 days) performing numerous medical and space manufacturing experiments. They came down aboard Soyuz T-11 on 2 October 1984. Solovyov's second flight was aboard Soyuz T-15, taking off on 13 March 1986 and coming back aboard the same craft on 16 July 1986, 125 days later. During the T-15 mission, the crew transferred equipment from Salyut-7 to the new Mir space station; they were the last aboard the former and the first aboard the latter.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(cosmonaut)", "last_flight": "1986-03-13T12:33:09Z", "first_flight": "1984-02-08T12:07:26Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 8 }, { "id": 246, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/246/?format=api", "name": "Aleksandr Serebrov", "status": { "id": 11, "name": "Deceased" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 396, "name": "[AUTO] Aleksandr Serebrov - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/aleksandr2520serebrov_image_20181201215818.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185738.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P372DT22H53M29S", "eva_time": "P1DT7H49M50S", "age": 69, "date_of_birth": "1944-02-15", "date_of_death": "2013-11-12", "nationality": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "bio": "Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Serebrov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Серебро́в, February 15, 1944 – November 12, 2013) was a Soviet cosmonaut. He graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1967), and was selected as a cosmonaut on December 1, 1978. He retired on May 10, 1995.\r\nHe flew on Soyuz T-7, Soyuz T-8, Soyuz TM-8 and Soyuz TM-17. He was one of very few cosmonauts to fly for both the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation that followed it. He held the record for most spacewalks, 10, until Anatoly Solovyev surpassed it. In all, Serebrov spent 371.95 days in space. Serebrov contributed to the design of Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and the Mir space stations.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Serebrov", "last_flight": "1993-07-01T14:32:58Z", "first_flight": "1982-08-19T17:11:52Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 4, "landings_count": 4, "spacewalks_count": 10 }, { "id": 108, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/108/?format=api", "name": "Christer Fuglesang", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 27, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "abbrev": "ESA", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Multinational" } }, "image": { "id": 609, "name": "[AUTO] Christer Fuglesang - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/christer2520fuglesang_image_20181128231700.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190312.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P26DT17H37M48S", "eva_time": "P1DT7H53M", "age": 68, "date_of_birth": "1957-03-18", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 15, "name": "Sweden", "alpha_2_code": "SE", "alpha_3_code": "SWE", "nationality_name": "Swedish", "nationality_name_composed": "Swedo" } ], "bio": "Arne Christer Fuglesang (born March 18, 1957 in Stockholm) is a Swedish physicist and an ESA astronaut. He was first launched aboard the STS-116 Space Shuttle mission on December 10, 2006, at 01:47 GMT, making him the first Swedish citizen in space.\r\n\r\nMarried with three children, he was a Fellow at CERN and taught mathematics at the Royal Institute of Technology before being selected to join the European Astronaut Corps in 1992. He has participated in two Space Shuttle missions and five spacewalks, and is the first person outside of the United States or Russian space programs to participate in more than three spacewalks.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christer_Fuglesang", "last_flight": "2009-08-29T03:59:37Z", "first_flight": "2006-12-10T01:47:35Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 5 }, { "id": 514, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/514/?format=api", "name": "Jeffrey Williams", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 415, "name": "[AUTO] Jeffrey Williams - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/jeffrey2520williams_image_20181203162114.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185808.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P534DT2H47M3S", "eva_time": "P1DT7H55M", "age": 67, "date_of_birth": "1958-01-18", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "Jeffrey Nels Williams is a retired United States Army officer and a NASA astronaut. He is a veteran of four space flights and formerly held the American record for most days spent in space, which was surpassed in April 2017 by his colleague Peggy Whitson.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)", "last_flight": "2016-03-18T21:26:42Z", "first_flight": "2000-05-19T10:11:10Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 4, "landings_count": 4, "spacewalks_count": 5 }, { "id": 553, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/553/?format=api", "name": "Randolph Bresnik", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 276, "name": "[AUTO] Randolph Bresnik - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/randolph_bresni_image_20210210155627.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185418.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P149DT12H12M39S", "eva_time": "P1DT8H", "age": 57, "date_of_birth": "1967-09-11", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "Randolph James \"Komrade\" Bresnik is an officer in the United States Marine Corps and a NASA astronaut. A Marine Aviator by trade, Bresnik was selected as a member of NASA Astronaut Group 19 in May 2004.[5] First launched to space on STS-129. Served as Flight Engineer for Expedition 52, and as ISS Commander for Expedition 53.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Bresnik", "last_flight": "2017-07-28T15:41:12Z", "first_flight": "2009-11-16T19:28:09Z", "social_media_links": [ { "id": 114, "social_media": { "id": 1, "name": "X", "url": "https://x.com", "logo": { "id": 2320, "name": "X logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_20250211191027.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_thumbnail_20250211191027.jpeg", "credit": "X", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "url": "https://twitter.com/astrokomrade" }, { "id": 115, "social_media": { "id": 2, "name": "Instagram", "url": "https://instagram.com", "logo": { "id": 2322, "name": "Instagram logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/instagram_logo_image_20250211191139.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/instagram_logo_image_thumbnail_20250211191139.png", "credit": "Instagram", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "url": "https://instagram.com/AstroKomrade/" } ], "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 5 }, { "id": 14, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/14/?format=api", "name": "Michael S. Hopkins", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 658, "name": "[AUTO] Michael S. Hopkins - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/michael2520s.2520hopkins_image_20181127212118.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190431.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P333DT12H54M53S", "eva_time": "P1DT8H1M", "age": 56, "date_of_birth": "1968-12-28", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "Michael Scott Hopkins (born December 28, 1968) is a Colonel in the U.S. Air Force, and a current NASA astronaut. Hopkins was selected in June 2009 as a member of the NASA Astronaut Group 20. He made his first spaceflight as a Flight Engineer on Soyuz TMA-10M/Expedition 37/Expedition 38, from September 2013 until March 2014. He was the first member of his astronaut class to fly in space. As well as being the first member of his class to fly in space, he is set to become the first member of his class to return to space in 2019 as Commander of the first operational SpaceX Crew Dragon mission to the International Space Station.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Hopkins", "last_flight": "2020-11-16T00:27:17Z", "first_flight": "2013-09-25T20:58:50Z", "social_media_links": [ { "id": 47, "social_media": { "id": 1, "name": "X", "url": "https://x.com", "logo": { "id": 2320, "name": "X logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_20250211191027.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_thumbnail_20250211191027.jpeg", "credit": "X", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "url": "https://twitter.com/Astro_illini" } ], "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 5 }, { "id": 19, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/19/?format=api", "name": "Richard R. Arnold", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 873, "name": "[AUTO] Richard R. 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