Astronaut List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /astronauts/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - age, age__gt, age__gte, age__lt, age__lte, agency_ids, date_of_birth, date_of_birth__gt, date_of_birth__gte, date_of_birth__lt, date_of_birth__lte, date_of_death, date_of_death__gt, date_of_death__gte, date_of_death__lt, date_of_death__lte, first_flight, first_flight__gt, first_flight__gte, first_flight__lt, first_flight__lte, flights_count, flights_count__gt, flights_count__gte, flights_count__lt, flights_count__lte, has_flown, in_space, is_human, landings_count, landings_count__gt, landings_count__gte, landings_count__lt, landings_count__lte, last_flight, last_flight__gt, last_flight__gte, last_flight__lt, last_flight__lte, nationality, status_ids, type__id
Example - /astronauts/?has_flown=true
Search
Fields searched - agency__abbrev, agency__name, name, nationality__nationality_name
Example - /astronauts/?search=Pesquet
Ordering
Fields - age, date_of_birth, eva_time, flights_count, id, landings_count, last_flight, name, spacewalks_count, status, time_in_space
Example - /astronauts/?ordering=-time_in_space
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /astronauts/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /astronauts/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - lldev.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/astronauts/?format=api&offset=590&ordering=age
{ "count": 805, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/?format=api&limit=10&offset=600&ordering=age", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/?format=api&limit=10&offset=580&ordering=age", "results": [ { "id": 364, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/364/?format=api", "name": "Charles Bolden", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 871, "name": "[AUTO] Charles Bolden - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/charles2520bolden_image_20181202112229.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191013.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P28DT8H36M30S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 78, "date_of_birth": "1946-08-19", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "Charles Frank Bolden Jr. is a former Administrator of NASA, a retired United States Marine Corps Major General, and a former NASA astronaut.\r\n\r\nA 1968 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, he became a Marine Aviator and test pilot. After his service as an astronaut, he became Deputy Commandant of Midshipmen at the Naval Academy.\r\n\r\nOn May 23, 2009, President Barack Obama announced the nomination of Bolden as NASA Administrator and Lori Garver as Deputy NASA Administrator. Bolden was confirmed by the Senate on July 15, 2009. He was the first African American to head the agency on a permanent basis.\r\n\r\nOn January 12, 2017, Bolden announced his resignation from NASA during a town hall meeting at NASA Headquarters in Washington D.C. His last day would be January 19, and Robert M. Lightfoot Jr. was announced as acting NASA Administrator.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bolden", "last_flight": "1994-02-03T12:10:00Z", "first_flight": "1986-01-12T11:55:00Z", "social_media_links": [ { "id": 10, "social_media": { "id": 1, "name": "X", "url": "https://x.com", "logo": { "id": 2320, "name": "X logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_20250211191027.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_thumbnail_20250211191027.jpeg", "credit": "X", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "url": "https://twitter.com/cboldenjr" } ], "flights_count": 4, "landings_count": 4, "spacewalks_count": 0 }, { "id": 222, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/222/?format=api", "name": "Phạm Tuân", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 801, "name": "[AUTO] Phạm Tuân - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ph25e125ba25a1m2520tu25c325a2n_image_20181201190603.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190819.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P7DT20H41M59S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 78, "date_of_birth": "1947-02-14", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 33, "name": "Vietnam", "alpha_2_code": "VN", "alpha_3_code": "VNM", "nationality_name": "Vietnamese", "nationality_name_composed": "Vietnamese" } ], "bio": "Phạm Tuân (born February 14, 1947) is a retired Vietnam Air Force aviator. He became the first Vietnamese citizen and the first Asian in space when he flew aboard the Soyuz 37 mission as an Intercosmos Research Cosmonaut.\r\nTuân reached the rank of lieutenant colonel in the VPAF before eventually training to be a research cosmonaut in the joint USSR-Vietnamese Space program. On April 1, 1979, he was selected as a member of the sixth international crew for the Intercosmos program. His backup was Bùi Thanh Liêm. Tuân, along with Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Gorbatko, was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome on July 23, 1980, on board the Soyuz 37 mission to the Salyut 6 space station.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Tu%C3%A2n", "last_flight": "1980-07-23T18:33:03Z", "first_flight": "1980-07-23T18:33:03Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0 }, { "id": 258, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/258/?format=api", "name": "Vladimir Solovyov", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 625, "name": "[AUTO] Vladimir Solovyov - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/vladimir2520solovyov_image_20181201221452.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190337.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P361DT22H50M30S", "eva_time": "P1DT7H40M", "age": 78, "date_of_birth": "1946-11-11", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "bio": "Vladimir Alekseyevich Solovyov (Russian: Влади́мир Алексе́евич Соловьёв; born 11 November 1946) is a former Soviet cosmonaut.\r\n\r\nHe was selected as a cosmonaut on 1 December 1978 and flew as Flight Engineer on Soyuz T-10 and Soyuz T-15, spending a total of 361 days, 22 hours, 49 minutes in space. His first flight, Soyuz T-10, took off on 8 February 1984, to join Salyut 7. The crew spent ten months (nearly 237 days) performing numerous medical and space manufacturing experiments. They came down aboard Soyuz T-11 on 2 October 1984. Solovyov's second flight was aboard Soyuz T-15, taking off on 13 March 1986 and coming back aboard the same craft on 16 July 1986, 125 days later. During the T-15 mission, the crew transferred equipment from Salyut-7 to the new Mir space station; they were the last aboard the former and the first aboard the latter.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(cosmonaut)", "last_flight": "1986-03-13T12:33:09Z", "first_flight": "1984-02-08T12:07:26Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 8 }, { "id": 80, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/80/?format=api", "name": "Roberta Bondar", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 16, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/16/?format=api", "name": "Canadian Space Agency", "abbrev": "CSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 458, "name": "[AUTO] Roberta Bondar - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/roberta2520bondar_image_20181128223453.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185914.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P8DT1H14M27S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 79, "date_of_birth": "1945-12-04", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 26, "name": "Canada", "alpha_2_code": "CA", "alpha_3_code": "CAN", "nationality_name": "Canadian", "nationality_name_composed": "Canado" } ], "bio": "Roberta Bondar (born December 4, 1945) is Canada's first female astronaut and the first neurologist in space. Following more than a decade as NASA's head of space medicine, Bondar became a consultant and speaker in the business, scientific, and medical communities.\r\n\r\nBondar has received many honours including the Order of Canada, the Order of Ontario, the NASA Space Medal, over 22 honorary degrees and induction into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Bondar", "last_flight": "1992-01-22T14:52:33Z", "first_flight": "1992-01-22T14:52:33Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0 }, { "id": 75, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/75/?format=api", "name": "Patrick Baudry", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 46, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/46/?format=api", "name": "National Center of Space Research", "abbrev": "CNES", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 826, "name": "[AUTO] Patrick Baudry - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/patrick2520baudry_image_20181128222518.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190859.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P7DT1H38M", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 79, "date_of_birth": "1946-03-06", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 1, "name": "France", "alpha_2_code": "FR", "alpha_3_code": "FRA", "nationality_name": "French", "nationality_name_composed": "Franco" } ], "bio": "Patrick Pierre Roger Baudry (born March 6, 1946 in Cameroon), is a retired Lieutenant Colonel in the French Air Force and a former CNES astronaut. In 1985, he became the second French citizen in space, after Jean-Loup Chrétien, when he flew aboard NASA's Space Shuttle mission STS-51-G.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Baudry", "last_flight": "1985-06-17T11:33:00Z", "first_flight": "1985-06-17T11:33:00Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0 }, { "id": 175, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/175/?format=api", "name": "Valeri Kubasov", "status": { "id": 11, "name": "Deceased" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 678, "name": "[AUTO] Valeri Kubasov - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/valeri2520kubasov_image_20181129234222.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190501.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P18DT17H58M31S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 79, "date_of_birth": "1935-01-07", "date_of_death": "2014-02-19", "nationality": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "bio": "Valeri Nikolayevich Kubasov (Russian: Вале́рий Никола́евич Куба́сов; 7 January 1935 – 19 February 2014) was a Soviet/Russian cosmonaut who flew on two missions in the Soyuz programme as a flight engineer: Soyuz 6 and Soyuz 19 (the Apollo–Soyuz mission), and commanded Soyuz 36 in the Intercosmos programme. On 21 July 1975, the Soyuz 7K-TM module used for ASTP landed in Kazakhstan at 5:51 p.m. and Kubasov was the first to exit the craft. Kubasov performed the first welding experiments in space, along with Georgy Shonin.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Kubasov", "last_flight": "1980-05-26T18:20:39Z", "first_flight": "1969-10-11T11:10:00Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0 }, { "id": 343, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/343/?format=api", "name": "Brewster H. Shaw", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 299, "name": "[AUTO] Brewster H. Shaw - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/brewster2520h.2520shaw_image_20181202103314.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185456.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P22DT4H51M", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 79, "date_of_birth": "1945-05-16", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "Brewster Hopkinson Shaw Jr. is a former NASA astronaut, a retired U.S. Air Force Colonel and former executive at Boeing. Shaw was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame on May 6, 2006.[1]\r\n\r\nShaw is a veteran of three Space Shuttle missions and has logged 533 hours of space flight. He was Pilot of Space Shuttle Columbia in November 1983, Commander of Space Shuttle Atlantis in November 1985 and Commander of Columbia in August 1989.\r\n\r\nFollowing the Space Shuttle Challenger accident in 1986, he supported the Roger’s Presidential Commission[2] investigating the accident. Shaw subsequently led the Space Shuttle Orbiter return-to-flight team chartered to enhance the safety of the vehicles’ operations.\r\n\r\nShaw worked as a manager at NASA until 1996 when he left the agency, retired from the Air Force and went to work in the private sector as an aerospace executive.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_H._Shaw", "last_flight": "1989-08-08T12:37:00Z", "first_flight": "1983-11-28T16:00:00Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0 }, { "id": 387, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/387/?format=api", "name": "James C. Adamson", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 781, "name": "[AUTO] James C. Adamson - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/james2520c.2520adamson_image_20181202133720.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190748.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P13DT22H21M", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 79, "date_of_birth": "1946-03-03", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "James Craig Adamson is a former NASA astronaut and retired Colonel of the United States Army. He is married with 3 children. James Adamson flew on two missions, STS-28 and STS-43, and completed 263 orbits and 334 hours in space. After retiring from NASA, he was recruited by Allied Signal (later merged with Honeywell) where he retired in 2001. Adamson has logged over 3,000 hours in over 30 different types of helicopters and airplanes.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Adamson", "last_flight": "1991-08-02T15:02:00Z", "first_flight": "1989-08-08T12:37:00Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 0 }, { "id": 226, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/226/?format=api", "name": "Leonid Popov", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "abbrev": "RFSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 787, "name": "[AUTO] Leonid Popov - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/leonid2520popov_image_20181201212542.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190757.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P200DT14H45M51S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 79, "date_of_birth": "1945-08-31", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 12, "name": "Ukraine", "alpha_2_code": "UA", "alpha_3_code": "UKR", "nationality_name": "Ukrainian", "nationality_name_composed": "Ukro" } ], "bio": "Popov was born in Oleksandriia, Kirovohrad Oblast, Ukrainian SSR. He was selected as a cosmonaut on April 27, 1970, and flew as Commander on Soyuz 35, Soyuz 40 and Soyuz T-7, logging 200 days, 14 hours, and 45 minutes in space before his retirement on June 13, 1987.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Popov", "last_flight": "1982-08-19T17:11:52Z", "first_flight": "1980-04-09T13:38:22Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0 }, { "id": 354, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/354/?format=api", "name": "Mike Mullane", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "image": { "id": 211, "name": "[AUTO] Mike Mullane - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/mike_mullane_image_20220911034105.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185228.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "normal", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P14DT20H18M14S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 79, "date_of_birth": "1945-09-10", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "Richard Michael \"Mike\" Mullane is an engineer and aircraft pilot, a retired USAF officer. and a former NASA astronaut. During his career, he flew as a mission specialist on STS-41-D, STS-27, and STS-36.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mullane", "last_flight": "1990-02-28T07:50:22Z", "first_flight": "1984-08-30T12:41:50Z", "social_media_links": [], "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0 } ] }
