Astronaut List
API endpoint that allows Astronaut to be viewed.
GET: Return a list of all the existing astronauts.
MODE: Normal, List, LaunchList and Detailed /2.2.0/astronaut/?mode=detailed
FILTERS: Parameters - 'name', 'status', 'nationality', 'agency__name', 'agency__abbrev', 'date_of_birth', 'date_of_death', 'status_ids', 'is_human', 'type__id', 'has_flown', 'in_space' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?nationality=American
SEARCH EXAMPLE: /2.2.0/astronaut/?search=armstrong Searches through name, nationality and agency name
ORDERING: Fields - 'name', 'status', 'date_of_birth' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?order=name
GET /2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&offset=690&ordering=-age
https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=700&ordering=-age", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=680&ordering=-age", "results": [ { "id": 90, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/90/?format=api", "name": "Samantha Cristoforetti", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P370DT5H44M54S", "eva_time": "PT7H5M", "age": 48, "date_of_birth": "1977-04-26", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Italian", "bio": "Samantha Cristoforetti (born 26 April 1977 in Milan) is an Italian European Space Agency astronaut, Italian Air Force pilot and engineer. She holds the record for the longest uninterrupted spaceflight of a European astronaut (199 days, 16 hours), and until June 2017 held the record for the longest single space flight by a woman until this was broken by Peggy Whitson. She is also the first Italian woman in space. Samantha Cristoforetti is also known as the first person who brewed an espresso in space.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/astrosamantha", "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Cristoforetti", "agency": { "id": 27, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "featured": false, "type": "Multinational", "country_code": "FRA,ITA,DEU,ESP,CHE,GBR,AUT,SWE,PRT,NLD,HUN,POL,DNK,CZE,ROU,NOR,FIN,GRC,EST,IRL,LUX,BEL,SVN", "abbrev": "ESA", "description": "The European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,000 employees.\r\n\r\nESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight (mainly through participation in the International Space Station program); the launch and operation of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing launch vehicles; and maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana.", "administrator": "Director General: Josef Aschbacher", "founding_year": "1975", "launchers": "Ariane | Vega", "spacecraft": "Space Rider", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/esa_patch_float_image_20250211192109.png", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/european2520space2520agency_logo_20221130101442.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/samantha_cristo_image_20210207102548.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185246.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 1, "last_flight": "2022-04-27T07:52:55Z", "first_flight": "2014-11-23T21:01:14Z" }, { "id": 752, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/752/?format=api", "name": "Zhang Lu", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P186DT7H24M43S", "eva_time": "P1DT1H6M", "age": 48, "date_of_birth": "1976-11-01", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Chinese", "bio": "Zhang Lu is a Chinese pilot selected in 2010 to be an astronaut.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": null, "agency": { "id": 17, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/17/?format=api", "name": "China National Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "CHN", "abbrev": "CNSA", "description": "The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is the national space agency of the People's Republic of China. It is responsible for the national space program and for planning and development of space activities. CNSA and China Aerospace Corporation (CASC) assumed the authority over space development efforts previously held by the Ministry of Aerospace Industry. The CNSA has many launch sites around China with their orbital sites located in Jiuquan, Xichang, Taiyuan and Wenchang.", "administrator": "Administrator: Tang Dengjie", "founding_year": "1993", "launchers": "", "spacecraft": "Shenzhou", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/china2520national2520space2520administration_image_20190207032431.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/china2520national2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032431.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/zhang_lu_image_20221128075933.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185832.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 4, "last_flight": "2022-11-29T15:08:17Z", "first_flight": "2022-11-29T15:08:17Z" }, { "id": 569, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/569/?format=api", "name": "Norishige Kanai", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P168DT5H17M59S", "eva_time": "PT5H57M", "age": 48, "date_of_birth": "1976-12-05", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Japanese", "bio": "Norishige Kanai, M.D. is a Japanese doctor and JAXA astronaut.\r\n\r\nHe is a lieutenant and Diving Medical Officer in the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (Medical Service Division, 1st Service School). He served as a crew member on board the International Space Station for Expedition 54/55, and returned to Earth on June 3 2018.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/Astro_Kanai", "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norishige_Kanai", "agency": { "id": 37, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/37/?format=api", "name": "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "JPN", "abbrev": "JAXA", "description": "The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is Japan's national aero-space agency. Through the merger of three previously independent organizations, JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003. JAXA is responsible for research, technology development and the launch of satellites into orbit, and is involved in many more advanced missions, such as asteroid exploration and possible manned exploration of the Moon. JAXA launch their Epsilon vehicle from the Uchinoura Space Center and their H-II vehicles from the Tanegashima Space Center.", "administrator": "Administrator: Hiroshi Yamakawa", "founding_year": "2003", "launchers": "H-II", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/japan2520aerospace2520exploration2520agency_image_20190207032440.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/japan2520aerospace2520exploration2520agency_logo_20190207032440.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/norishige2520kanai_image_20181203172829.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190144.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 1, "last_flight": "2017-12-17T07:21:01Z", "first_flight": "2017-12-17T07:21:01Z" }, { "id": 581, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/581/?format=api", "name": "Francisco Rubio", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P370DT21H22M11S", "eva_time": "PT21H24M", "age": 48, "date_of_birth": "1976-12-11", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Francisco Carlos Rubio is a US Army helicopter pilot, flight surgeon, and NASA astronaut of the class of 2017.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Rubio_(astronaut)", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/francisco2520rubio_image_20200110161546.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185911.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 3, "last_flight": "2022-09-21T13:54:49Z", "first_flight": "2022-09-21T13:54:49Z" }, { "id": 218, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/218/?format=api", "name": "Luca Parmitano", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P366DT23H2M", "eva_time": "P1DT9H9M", "age": 48, "date_of_birth": "1976-09-27", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Italian", "bio": "Luca Parmitano (born 27 September 1976 in Paternò, Sicily) is an Italian engineer and astronaut in the European Astronaut Corps for the European Space Agency (ESA). The astronauts work on missions at the International Space Station. He was selected as an ESA astronaut in May 2009. Parmitano is also a Lieutenant Colonel and pilot for the Italian Air Force. Parmitano is the youngest astronaut to undertake a long-duration mission, at 36 years and eight months old on the launch day of his mission.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/astro_luca", "instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/astro_luca/", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Parmitano", "agency": { "id": 27, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "featured": false, "type": "Multinational", "country_code": "FRA,ITA,DEU,ESP,CHE,GBR,AUT,SWE,PRT,NLD,HUN,POL,DNK,CZE,ROU,NOR,FIN,GRC,EST,IRL,LUX,BEL,SVN", "abbrev": "ESA", "description": "The European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,000 employees.\r\n\r\nESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight (mainly through participation in the International Space Station program); the launch and operation of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing launch vehicles; and maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana.", "administrator": "Director General: Josef Aschbacher", "founding_year": "1975", "launchers": "Ariane | Vega", "spacecraft": "Space Rider", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/esa_patch_float_image_20250211192109.png", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/european2520space2520agency_logo_20221130101442.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/luca2520parmitano_image_20191231114250.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190918.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 6, "last_flight": "2019-07-20T16:28:21Z", "first_flight": "2013-05-28T20:31:24Z" }, { "id": 229, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/229/?format=api", "name": "Ilan Ramon", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Lost In Flight" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P15DT22H20M", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 48, "date_of_birth": "1954-06-20", "date_of_death": "2003-02-01", "nationality": "Israeli", "bio": "Ilan Ramon (born June 20, 1954 – February 1, 2003) was an Israeli fighter pilot and later the first Israeli astronaut for NASA.\r\n\r\nRamon was the space shuttle payload specialist of STS-107, the fatal mission of Columbia, in which he and six other crew members were killed in the re-entry accident. At 48, he was the oldest member of the crew. Ramon is the only foreign recipient of the United States Congressional Space Medal of Honor, which he was awarded posthumously.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Ramon", "agency": { "id": 35, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/35/?format=api", "name": "Israeli Space Agency", "featured": false, "type": "Government", "country_code": "ISR", "abbrev": "ISA", "description": null, "administrator": null, "founding_year": null, "launchers": "", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image_url": null, "logo_url": null }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ilan2520ramon_image_20181201213102.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190210.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2003-01-16T15:39:00Z", "first_flight": "2003-01-16T15:39:00Z" }, { "id": 484, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/484/?format=api", "name": "Yi So-yeon", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P10DT21H13M21S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 47, "date_of_birth": "1978-06-02", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "South Korean", "bio": "Yi So-yeon (born June 2, 1978) is an astronaut and biotechnologist who became the first Korean to fly in space.\r\nYi was one of the two finalists chosen on December 25, 2006 through the Korean Astronaut Program. On September 5, 2007, the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology chose Ko San, over Yi So-yeon, following performance and other tests during their training in Russia.\r\n\r\nOn March 7, 2008, she was selected to train with the primary crew, and on March 10 the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology announced that Yi would replace Ko. This was after the Russian Federal Space Agency asked for a replacement, because Ko violated regulations several times at a Russian training center by removing sensitive reading materials and mailing one back to Korea. On April 8, 2008, Yi was launched into space on board Soyuz TMA-12 with two Russian cosmonauts. South Korea is reported to have paid Russia $20 million for Yi's space flight. She is the third woman, after Helen Sharman of the United Kingdom and Anousheh Ansari an Iranian American, to be the first national from their country in space.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_So-yeon", "agency": { "id": 261, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/261/?format=api", "name": "Korean Astronaut Program", "featured": false, "type": "Government", "country_code": "KOR", "abbrev": "KAP", "description": "The Korean Astronaut Program was an initiative by the South Korean government to send the first Korean into space via the Russian space program. In 2008, Yi So-yeon became the first and only Korean to go to space for 10 days.", "administrator": null, "founding_year": "2006", "launchers": "", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image_url": null, "logo_url": null }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/yi2520so-yeon_image_20181202184152.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191115.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2008-04-08T11:16:39Z", "first_flight": "2008-04-08T11:16:39Z" }, { "id": 1, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/1/?format=api", "name": "Thomas Pesquet", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P396DT11H33M45S", "eva_time": "P1DT15H54M", "age": 47, "date_of_birth": "1978-02-27", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "French", "bio": "Thomas Gautier Pesquet is a French aerospace engineer, pilot, and European Space Agency astronaut. Pesquet was selected by ESA as a candidate in May 2009, and he successfully completed his basic training in November 2010. From November 2016 to June 2017, Pesquet was part of Expeditions 50 and 51 on the International Space Station as a flight engineer.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/Thom_astro", "instagram": "https://instagram.com/thom_astro", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet", "agency": { "id": 27, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "featured": false, "type": "Multinational", "country_code": "FRA,ITA,DEU,ESP,CHE,GBR,AUT,SWE,PRT,NLD,HUN,POL,DNK,CZE,ROU,NOR,FIN,GRC,EST,IRL,LUX,BEL,SVN", "abbrev": "ESA", "description": "The European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,000 employees.\r\n\r\nESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight (mainly through participation in the International Space Station program); the launch and operation of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing launch vehicles; and maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana.", "administrator": "Director General: Josef Aschbacher", "founding_year": "1975", "launchers": "Ariane | Vega", "spacecraft": "Space Rider", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/esa_patch_float_image_20250211192109.png", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/european2520space2520agency_logo_20221130101442.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/thomas2520pesquet_image_20200102120546.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190357.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 6, "last_flight": "2021-04-23T09:49:02Z", "first_flight": "2016-11-17T20:20:13Z" }, { "id": 198, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/198/?format=api", "name": "Alexander Misurkin", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P346DT7H3M41S", "eva_time": "P1DT4H14M", "age": 47, "date_of_birth": "1977-09-23", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "bio": "Alexander Alexanderovich Misurkin (Russian: Aлександр Aлександрович Мисуркин) born on September 23, 1977, a major in the Russian Air Force, is a Russian cosmonaut, selected in 2006. He flew aboard Soyuz TMA-08M on 28 March 2013 as his first space mission, and launched on Soyuz MS-06 as his second flight, in 2017. He was Commander of the International Space Station for Expedition 54.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Misurkin", "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/alexander_misur_image_20211102151859.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190640.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 4, "last_flight": "2021-12-08T07:38:15Z", "first_flight": "2013-03-28T20:43:20Z" }, { "id": 650, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/650/?format=api", "name": "Pyotr Dubrov", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P355DT3H45M19S", "eva_time": "P1DT5H49M", "age": 47, "date_of_birth": "1978-01-30", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "bio": "Dubrov was selected by Roscosmos as a cosmonaut on 8 October 2012, as one of eight cosmonauts selected as part of Roscosmos's 2012 selection group.\r\nIn 2020 he was assigned to the backup crew of Soyuz MS-17, backing up Russian cosmonaut Sergey Kud-Sverchkov as Flight Engineer on ISS Expedition 63/64", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Dubrov", "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. 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