Astronaut List
API endpoint that allows Astronaut to be viewed.
GET: Return a list of all the existing astronauts.
MODE: Normal, List, LaunchList and Detailed /2.2.0/astronaut/?mode=detailed
FILTERS: Parameters - 'name', 'status', 'nationality', 'agency__name', 'agency__abbrev', 'date_of_birth', 'date_of_death', 'status_ids', 'is_human', 'type__id', 'has_flown', 'in_space' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?nationality=American
SEARCH EXAMPLE: /2.2.0/astronaut/?search=armstrong Searches through name, nationality and agency name
ORDERING: Fields - 'name', 'status', 'date_of_birth' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?order=name
GET /2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&offset=610&ordering=-spacewalks_count
https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=620&ordering=-spacewalks_count", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=600&ordering=-spacewalks_count", "results": [ { "id": 20, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/20/?format=api", "name": "Serena Auñón-Chancellor", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P196DT17H49M19S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 49, "date_of_birth": "1976-04-09", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Serena Maria Auñón-Chancellor is an American physician, engineer, and NASA astronaut. She has been in space since June 6, 2018, serving as a flight engineer in Expedition 56/57 to the International Space Station.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/AstroSerena", "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/serena_au25c3_image_20220911033856.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185714.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2018-06-06T11:12:41Z", "first_flight": "2018-06-06T11:12:41Z" }, { "id": 396, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/396/?format=api", "name": "Charles L. Veach", "status": { "id": 11, "name": "Deceased" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P18DT4H17M6S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 51, "date_of_birth": "1944-09-18", "date_of_death": "1995-10-03", "nationality": "American", "bio": "Charles Lacy Veach was a USAF fighter pilot and NASA astronaut.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._Veach", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/charles2520l.2520veach_image_20181202134810.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191118.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1992-10-22T17:09:40Z", "first_flight": "1991-04-28T11:33:14Z" }, { "id": 845, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/845/?format=api", "name": "Gretchen Green", "status": { "id": 14, "name": "Occasional Spaceflight" }, "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Private" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "PT10M7S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": null, "date_of_birth": null, "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Radiologist specializing in women's imaging", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": null, "agency": { "id": 141, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "BO", "description": "Blue Origin is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company set up by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos with its headquarters in Kent, Washington. The company is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability. Blue Origin currently launches its New Shepard sub-orbital vehicle from its West Texas launch site, they are currently constructing a launch pad for their orbital vehicle New Glenn at Cape Canaveral LC-36.", "administrator": "CEO: Jeff Bezos", "founding_year": "2000", "launchers": "New Shepard | New Glenn", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_image_20190207032427.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_logo_20190207032427.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/gretchen_green__image_20250601063453.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/gretchen_green__image_thumbnail_20250601063453.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2025-05-31T13:39:11Z", "first_flight": "2025-05-31T13:39:11Z" }, { "id": 751, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/751/?format=api", "name": "Marco Alain Sieber", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "In-Training" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P0D", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": null, "date_of_birth": null, "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Swiss", "bio": "In 2009, Marco joined the paratrooper training with the Swiss Special Forces Commando at the Swiss Army, where he achieved the military rank of Sergeant.\r\n\r\nIn 2015, he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the University of Bern, Switzerland. His doctoral thesis was on robotic surgery and he was awarded best final exam for his physician diploma.\r\n\r\nIn 2021, he earned his specialist diploma in pre-clinical emergency and rescue medicine (SGNOR).\r\n\r\nBetween 2009 and 2015, Marco was working as an assistant teacher for anatomy and physiology courses at the faculty of medicine at the University of Bern. At the same time, he was also a skydiving instructor for pre-military paratrooper courses.\r\n\r\nBetween 2015 to 2017, he was a general surgery/traumatology, as well as an intensive care unit resident in Interlaken, Switzerland.\r\n\r\nAfter becoming chief medical officer with Swisscoy (Swiss Army) for KFOR (Kosovo) in 2018, Marco worked as an emergency medicine resident at the University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland, until 2019.\r\n\r\nBetween 2019 and 2021, he was an anaesthesiology resident in Interlaken, Switzerland.\r\n\r\nBetween 2020 and 2022, Marco worked as a helicopter rescue emergency medical doctor and joined the hospital in Biel, Switzerland as an urology resident one year later.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": null, "agency": { "id": 27, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "featured": false, "type": "Multinational", "country_code": "FRA,ITA,DEU,ESP,CHE,GBR,AUT,SWE,PRT,NLD,HUN,POL,DNK,CZE,ROU,NOR,FIN,GRC,EST,IRL,LUX,BEL,SVN", "abbrev": "ESA", "description": "The European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,000 employees.\r\n\r\nESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight (mainly through participation in the International Space Station program); the launch and operation of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing launch vehicles; and maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana.", "administrator": "Director General: Josef Aschbacher", "founding_year": "1975", "launchers": "Ariane | Vega", "spacecraft": "Space Rider", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/esa_patch_float_image_20250211192109.png", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/european2520space2520agency_logo_20221130101442.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/marco_alain_sie_image_20221123151653.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190838.jpeg", "flights_count": 0, "landings_count": 0, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": null, "first_flight": null }, { "id": 144, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/144/?format=api", "name": "Charles \"Scorch\" Hobaugh", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P36DT7H46M10S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 63, "date_of_birth": "1961-11-05", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Charles Owen \"Scorch\" Hobaugh is a former NASA astronaut and a retired U.S. Marine Corps officer. He has had three spaceflights, all of which were Space Shuttle missions to the International Space Station, lasting between 10 and 13 days.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O._Hobaugh", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/charles25202522scorch25222520hobaugh_image_20181129210256.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190008.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2009-11-16T19:28:09Z", "first_flight": "2001-07-12T09:03:59Z" }, { "id": 520, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/520/?format=api", "name": "William Oefelein", "status": { "id": 7, "name": "Dismissed" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P12DT20H44M25S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 60, "date_of_birth": "1965-03-29", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "William Anthony \"Bill\" Oefelein is an American test pilot instructor and former NASA astronaut who, on his only spaceflight, piloted the STS-116 Space Shuttle mission.\r\n\r\nOefelein gained media attention on February 5, 2007 when fellow astronaut Lisa Nowak was arrested in Florida and charged with attempting to kidnap his girlfriend, U.S. Air Force Captain Colleen Shipman. Nowak later pleaded guilty to felony burglary and misdemeanor battery. Oefelein admitted to a two-year affair with Nowak, and he and Nowak became the first astronauts ever dismissed from NASA. Following the dismissals, NASA created its first astronaut Code of Conduct.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Oefelein", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/william_oefelei_image_20220911033630.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191216.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2006-12-10T01:47:35Z", "first_flight": "2006-12-10T01:47:35Z" }, { "id": 173, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/173/?format=api", "name": "Konstantin Kozeyev", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P9DT20H25S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 57, "date_of_birth": "1967-12-01", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "bio": "Konstantin Mirovich Kozeyev (Russian: Константин Мирович Козеев) is a retired Russian cosmonaut.\r\nHe flew as Flight Engineer on Soyuz TM-33 in 2001.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Kozeyev", "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/konstantin2520kozeyev_image_20181129233956.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191014.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2001-10-21T08:59:35Z", "first_flight": "2001-10-21T08:59:35Z" }, { "id": 589, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/589/?format=api", "name": "Paul Scully-Power", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P8DT5H23M", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 81, "date_of_birth": "1944-05-28", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American Australian", "bio": "Paul Desmond Scully-Power, AM, FRAeS (born May 28, 1944) is an Australian-American oceanographer, technology expert and business executive. In 1984, while a civilian employee of the United States Naval Undersea Warfare Center, he flew aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-41-G as a Payload Specialist. He was the first Australian-born person to journey into space, and the first astronaut with a beard.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scully-Power", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/paul2520scully-power_image_20181207221854.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190525.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z", "first_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z" }, { "id": 718, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/718/?format=api", "name": "Anna Menon", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "In-Training" }, "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Private" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P4DT22H13M5S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": null, "date_of_birth": null, "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Anna Menon is a Lead Space Operations Engineer at SpaceX, where she manages the development of crew operations and serves in mission control as both a Mission Director and crew communicator. During her tenure at SpaceX, she has led the implementation of Dragon’s crew capabilities, helped create the crew communicator operator role, and developed critical operational responses to vehicle emergencies such as a fire or cabin depressurization. Anna served in mission control during multiple Dragon missions, such as Demo-2, Crew-1, CRS-22, and CRS-23.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": null, "agency": { "id": 121, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "SpX", "description": "Space Exploration Technologies Corp., known as SpaceX, is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by entrepreneur Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs and enabling the colonization of Mars. SpaceX operates from many pads, on the East Coast of the US they operate from SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and historic LC-39A at Kennedy Space Center. They also operate from SLC-4E at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, usually for polar launches. Another launch site is being developed at Boca Chica, Texas.", "administrator": "CEO: Elon Musk", "founding_year": "2002", "launchers": "Falcon | Starship", "spacecraft": "Dragon", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_image_20190207032501.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_logo_20220826094919.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/anna_menon_image_20220214140406.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190617.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2024-09-10T09:23:49Z", "first_flight": "2024-09-10T09:23:49Z" }, { "id": 522, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/522/?format=api", "name": "George D. Zamka", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P28DT20H30M33S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 62, "date_of_birth": "1962-06-29", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "George David \"Zambo\" Zamka is an American NASA astronaut and United States Marine Corps pilot with over 3500 flight hours in more than 30 different aircraft. Zamka piloted the Space Shuttle Discovery in its October 2007 mission to the International Space Station and served as the commander of mission STS-130 in February 2010.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_D._Zamka", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. 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