Astronaut List
API endpoint that allows Astronaut to be viewed.
GET: Return a list of all the existing astronauts.
MODE: Normal, List, LaunchList and Detailed /2.2.0/astronaut/?mode=detailed
FILTERS: Parameters - 'name', 'status', 'nationality', 'agency__name', 'agency__abbrev', 'date_of_birth', 'date_of_death', 'status_ids', 'is_human', 'type__id', 'has_flown', 'in_space' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?nationality=American
SEARCH EXAMPLE: /2.2.0/astronaut/?search=armstrong Searches through name, nationality and agency name
ORDERING: Fields - 'name', 'status', 'date_of_birth' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?order=name
GET /2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&offset=590&ordering=landings_count
https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=600&ordering=landings_count", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=580&ordering=landings_count", "results": [ { "id": 403, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/403/?format=api", "name": "Charles D. Gemar", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P24DT5H37M40S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 69, "date_of_birth": "1955-08-04", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Charles Donald \"Sam\" Gemar is an American former astronaut with NASA and a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army. Gemar has flown on three Space Shuttle missions (STS-38, STS-48 and STS-62). Gemar has completed 385 orbits of the Earth and over 581 hours in space. He has also served in different positions in NASA, including as a CAPCOM for Shuttle missions. Gemar was the first astronaut to be born in the state of South Dakota.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D._Gemar", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/charles2520d.2520gemar_image_20181202135809.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190546.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1994-03-04T13:53:01Z", "first_flight": "1990-11-15T23:48:15Z" }, { "id": 639, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/639/?format=api", "name": "Mannequin Skywalker", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 6, "name": "Non-Human" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "PT31M25S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": null, "date_of_birth": null, "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Earthling", "bio": "\"Mannequin Skywalker\" is a test dummy flown on Blue Origin New Shepard 3's initial flight test.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/TestDummyWalker", "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin_Mannequin_Skywalker", "agency": { "id": 141, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "BO", "description": "Blue Origin is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company set up by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos with its headquarters in Kent, Washington. The company is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability. Blue Origin currently launches its New Shepard sub-orbital vehicle from its West Texas launch site, they are currently constructing a launch pad for their orbital vehicle New Glenn at Cape Canaveral LC-36.", "administrator": "CEO: Jeff Bezos", "founding_year": "2000", "launchers": "New Shepard | New Glenn", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_image_20190207032427.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_logo_20190207032427.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/mannequin2520skywalker_image_20190309094011.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191128.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2021-04-14T16:49:15Z", "first_flight": "2017-12-12T16:59:00Z" }, { "id": 359, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/359/?format=api", "name": "Margaret Rhea Seddon", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P30DT2H21M22S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 77, "date_of_birth": "1947-11-08", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Margaret Rhea Seddon is a physician and retired NASA astronaut. After being selected as part of the first group of astronauts to include women, she flew on three Space Shuttle flights: as mission specialist for STS-51-D and STS-40, and as payload commander for STS-58. Both before and after her career in the astronaut program, she has been active in the medical community in Tennessee, Mississippi and Texas.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Rhea_Seddon", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/margaret2520rhea2520seddon_image_20181202104948.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190743.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1993-10-18T14:53:10Z", "first_flight": "1985-04-12T13:59:05Z" }, { "id": 255, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/255/?format=api", "name": "Oleg Skripochka", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P536DT3H48M24S", "eva_time": "PT16H41M", "age": 55, "date_of_birth": "1969-12-24", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "bio": "Oleg Ivanovich Skripochka (Russian: Оле́г Ива́нович Скри́почка; born 24 December 1969 in Nevinnomyssk, Stavropol Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a Russian cosmonaut. He served as an Expedition 25/26 and 61/62 crewmember.\r\nDecember 1st, 2021 Roskosmos announced Skripochka's retirement from active duty and his assignment to a training official role within the russian space agency.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Skripochka", "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/oleg_skripochka_image_20200417064956.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185331.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 3, "last_flight": "2019-09-25T13:57:42Z", "first_flight": "2010-10-07T23:10:55Z" }, { "id": 411, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/411/?format=api", "name": "Kevin P. Chilton", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P29DT10H21M55S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 70, "date_of_birth": "1954-11-03", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Kevin Patrick \"Chilli\" Chilton is an American mechanical engineer, and former United States Air Force four-star General and test pilot. His last assignment was as Commander, U.S. Strategic Command from October 3, 2007 to January 28, 2011. Prior to his appointment to general officer ranks, Chilton spent 11 years of his military career as a NASA astronaut. He retired from the Air Force on February 1, 2011, after having achieved the highest rank of any military astronaut. On January 30, 2012, General Chilton was named to the board of directors of Orbital Sciences Corporation.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_P._Chilton", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/kevin_p._chilto_image_20220911034500.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185908.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1996-03-22T08:13:04Z", "first_flight": "1992-05-07T23:40:00Z" }, { "id": 144, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/144/?format=api", "name": "Charles \"Scorch\" Hobaugh", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P36DT7H46M10S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 63, "date_of_birth": "1961-11-05", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Charles Owen \"Scorch\" Hobaugh is a former NASA astronaut and a retired U.S. Marine Corps officer. He has had three spaceflights, all of which were Space Shuttle missions to the International Space Station, lasting between 10 and 13 days.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O._Hobaugh", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/charles25202522scorch25222520hobaugh_image_20181129210256.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190008.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2009-11-16T19:28:09Z", "first_flight": "2001-07-12T09:03:59Z" }, { "id": 172, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/172/?format=api", "name": "Vladimir Kovalyonok", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P216DT9H9M40S", "eva_time": "PT2H20M", "age": 82, "date_of_birth": "1943-03-03", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "bio": "Vladimir Vasiliyevich Kovalyonok (Belarusian: Уладзі́мір Васі́льевіч Кавалёнак; Russian: Влади́мир Васи́льевич Ковалёнок; born March 3, 1942 in Beloye, Minsk Oblast, Belorussian SSR, is a retired Soviet cosmonaut.\r\n\r\nHe entered the Soviet space programme on July 5, 1967 and was commander of three missions. He retired from the cosmonaut team on June 23, 1984.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kovalyonok", "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/vladimir2520kovalyonok_image_20181129233907.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190049.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 1, "last_flight": "1981-03-12T19:00:11Z", "first_flight": "1977-10-09T02:40:35Z" }, { "id": 27, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/27/?format=api", "name": "Wally Schirra", "status": { "id": 11, "name": "Deceased" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P12DT7H12M27S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 84, "date_of_birth": "1923-03-12", "date_of_death": "2007-05-03", "nationality": "American", "bio": "Walter Marty Schirra Jr. was an American naval aviator and NASA astronaut. In 1959, he became one of the original seven astronauts chosen for Project Mercury, which was the United States' first effort to put human beings in space. On October 3, 1962, he flew the six-orbit, nine-hour, Mercury-Atlas 8 mission, in a spacecraft he nicknamed Sigma 7. At the time of his mission in Sigma 7, Schirra became the fifth American and ninth human to travel into space. In the two-man Gemini program, he achieved the first space rendezvous, station-keeping his Gemini 6A spacecraft within 1 foot (30 cm) of the sister Gemini 7 spacecraft in December 1965. In October 1968, he commanded Apollo 7, an 11-day low Earth orbit shakedown test of the three-man Apollo Command/Service Module and the first manned launch for the Apollo program.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Schirra", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/wally2520schirra_image_20190426143652.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190107.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1968-10-11T15:02:45Z", "first_flight": "1962-10-03T12:15:12Z" }, { "id": 388, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/388/?format=api", "name": "Ellen S. Baker", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P28DT14H31M38S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 72, "date_of_birth": "1953-04-27", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Ellen Louise Shulman Baker, M.D., M.P.H. is an American physician and a NASA astronaut. Baker serves as Chief of the Education/Medical Branch of the NASA Astronaut Office.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_S._Baker", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ellen2520s.2520baker_image_20181202133851.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190237.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1995-06-27T19:32:19Z", "first_flight": "1989-10-18T16:53:40Z" }, { "id": 273, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/273/?format=api", "name": "Mikhail Tyurin", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P532DT2H51M49S", "eva_time": "P1DT1H30M", "age": 65, "date_of_birth": "1960-03-02", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "bio": "Mikhail Vladislavovich Tyurin (Russian: Михаил Владиславович Тюрин) (born March 2, 1960) is a former Russian cosmonaut who flew several missions to the International Space Station and completed four spacewalks during his career. He is called a hero of the Russian Federation for his work as a cosmonaut.\r\n\r\nIn 1994 he was selected to begin cosmonaut training, and in 1998 he started training as a flight engineer for the Expedition 3 crew. He also served as a backup crew member for the first ISS mission.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tyurin", "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. 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