Astronaut List
API endpoint that allows Astronaut to be viewed.
GET: Return a list of all the existing astronauts.
MODE: Normal, List, LaunchList and Detailed /2.2.0/astronaut/?mode=detailed
FILTERS: Parameters - 'name', 'status', 'nationality', 'agency__name', 'agency__abbrev', 'date_of_birth', 'date_of_death', 'status_ids', 'is_human', 'type__id', 'has_flown', 'in_space' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?nationality=American
SEARCH EXAMPLE: /2.2.0/astronaut/?search=armstrong Searches through name, nationality and agency name
ORDERING: Fields - 'name', 'status', 'date_of_birth' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?order=name
GET /2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&offset=370&ordering=-flights_count
{ "count": 819, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=380&ordering=-flights_count", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=360&ordering=-flights_count", "results": [ { "id": 380, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/380/?format=api", "name": "Robert C. Springer", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P9DT21H31M45S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 83, "date_of_birth": "1942-05-21", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Robert Clyde \"Bob\" Springer is a retired American astronaut and test pilot who flew as a Mission Specialist on two NASA Space Shuttle missions in 1989 and 1990. A decorated aviator in the United States Marine Corps, Springer also flew more than 500 combat sorties during the Vietnam War. He has logged over 237 hours in space and 4,500 hours flying time, including 3,500 hours in jet aircraft.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Springer", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/robert2520c.2520springer_image_20181202121429.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190413.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1990-11-15T23:48:15Z", "first_flight": "1989-03-13T14:57:00Z" }, { "id": 626, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/626/?format=api", "name": "Jean-Pierre Haigneré", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P209DT12H24M21S", "eva_time": "PT6H19M", "age": 77, "date_of_birth": "1948-05-19", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "French", "bio": "Jean-Pierre Haigneré (born 19 May 1948) is a French Air Force officer and a former CNES spationaut.\r\n\r\nHe flew on two missions to the Mir space station in 1993 and 1999. The Mir Altair long-duration mission (186 days) in 1993 also included an EVA.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Haigner%C3%A9", "agency": { "id": 46, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/46/?format=api", "name": "National Center of Space Research", "featured": false, "type": "Government", "country_code": "FRA", "abbrev": "CNES", "description": "The National Center of Space Research, or CNES, is a French National Agency in charge of France's space program. In partnership with the US and Russia, they have put 10 people in space. CNES works in tandem with the larger ESA to develop the Ariane 5 and work on other probes and satellites. They are working with Germany to develop a cheaper and more efficient reusable rocket, which hopefully will be ready to fly by 2026.", "administrator": "CEO: François Jacq", "founding_year": "1961", "launchers": "Ariane 5", "spacecraft": "Mars/Venus Express | Rosetta", "parent": null, "image_url": null, "logo_url": null }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/jean-pierre2520haigner25c325a9_image_20181229032141.jfif", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185641.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 1, "last_flight": "1999-02-20T04:18:01Z", "first_flight": "1993-07-01T14:32:58Z" }, { "id": 28, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/28/?format=api", "name": "James McDivitt", "status": { "id": 11, "name": "Deceased" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P14DT59M", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 93, "date_of_birth": "1929-06-10", "date_of_death": "2022-10-13", "nationality": "American", "bio": "James Alton \"Jim\" McDivitt was an American former test pilot, United States Air Force pilot, aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut who flew in the Gemini and Apollo programs. He commanded the Gemini 4 flight during which Ed White performed the first U.S. spacewalk, and later the Apollo 9 flight which was the first manned flight test of the Lunar Module and the complete set of Apollo flight hardware. He later became Manager of Lunar Landing Operations and was the Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager from 1969 to 1972.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McDivitt", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/james2520mcdivitt_image_20181128142425.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185502.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1969-03-03T16:00:00Z", "first_flight": "1965-06-03T15:16:00Z" }, { "id": 525, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/525/?format=api", "name": "Gregory Chamitoff", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P198DT18H1M20S", "eva_time": "PT13H43M", "age": 62, "date_of_birth": "1962-08-06", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Gregory Errol Chamitoff is an engineer and NASA astronaut. He was assigned to Expedition 17 and flew to the International Space Station on STS-124, launching 31 May 2008. He was in space for 6 months, joining Expedition 18 after Expedition 17 left the station. He returned to Earth on the 30th of November 2008 aboard STS-126. Chamitoff served as a mission specialist on the STS-134 mission, which was the last flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour which delivered the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer to the ISS.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/Astro_Taz", "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Chamitoff", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/gregory_chamito_image_20220911034240.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190336.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 2, "last_flight": "2011-05-16T12:56:28Z", "first_flight": "2008-05-31T21:02:12Z" }, { "id": 269, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/269/?format=api", "name": "Valeri Tokarev", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P199DT15H5M25S", "eva_time": "PT12H54M", "age": 72, "date_of_birth": "1952-10-29", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "bio": "Valeri Ivanovich Tokarev (Russian: Валерий Иванович Токарев; born October 29, 1952) is a Russian Air Force Colonel and test cosmonaut at the Yuri A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. Tokarev traveled to space twice, and has performed two career spacewalks, before retiring in June 2008.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Tokarev", "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/valeri2520tokarev_image_20181201222932.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191033.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 2, "last_flight": "2005-10-01T03:54:53Z", "first_flight": "1999-05-27T10:49:42Z" }, { "id": 436, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/436/?format=api", "name": "Ronald M. Sega", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P17DT12H23M56S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 72, "date_of_birth": "1952-12-04", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Ronald \"Ron\" Michael Sega is professor of systems engineering and Vice President for Energy and the Environment at the Colorado State University Research Foundation, a non-profit advocacy organization supporting CSU. He is also the Vice President and Enterprise Executive for Energy and Environment at The Ohio State University. From August 2005 to August 2007, he served as Under Secretary of the Air Force. He is a retired Major General in the United States Air Force and a former NASA astronaut. Sega was born in Cleveland, Ohio, he is of Slovene origin. He was married to fellow astronaut Bonnie J. Dunbar. He is now married to Ann Sega and they have two sons. He has lived in both Northfield, Ohio and Colorado Springs.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_M._Sega", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ronald2520m.2520sega_image_20181202143405.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185323.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1996-03-22T08:13:04Z", "first_flight": "1994-02-03T12:10:00Z" }, { "id": 722, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/722/?format=api", "name": "Marc Hagle", "status": { "id": 14, "name": "Occasional Spaceflight" }, "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Private" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "PT20M18S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": null, "date_of_birth": null, "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Marc Hagle is president and CEO of Tricor International, a residential and commercial property development corporation.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": null, "agency": { "id": 141, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "BO", "description": "Blue Origin is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company set up by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos with its headquarters in Kent, Washington. The company is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability. Blue Origin currently launches its New Shepard sub-orbital vehicle from its West Texas launch site, they are currently constructing a launch pad for their orbital vehicle New Glenn at Cape Canaveral LC-36.", "administrator": "CEO: Jeff Bezos", "founding_year": "2000", "launchers": "New Shepard | New Glenn", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_image_20190207032427.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_logo_20190207032427.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/marc_hagle_image_20220606095701.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185631.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2024-11-22T15:30:00Z", "first_flight": "2022-03-31T13:57:55Z" }, { "id": 195, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/195/?format=api", "name": "Musa Manarov", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P541DT29M38S", "eva_time": "P1DT11H2M", "age": 74, "date_of_birth": "1951-03-22", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "bio": "Musa Khiramanovich Manarov (Russian: Муса Хираманович Манаров; born March 22, 1951 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR) is a former cosmonaut who spent 541 days in space.\r\nFrom December 21, 1987 to December 21, 1988 he flew as flight engineer on Soyuz TM-4. The flight duration was 365 days 22 hours 38 minutes. From December 2, 1990 to May 26, 1991 he flew again as a flight engineer on Soyuz TM-11. The duration was 175 days 1 hour 50 minutes,[2] the longest continuous time spent in space by anyone at that time. During his 176-day stay, Manarov observed the Earth and worked in space manufacturing. He also performed 20 hours of spacewalks.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Manarov", "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/musa2520manarov_image_20181201175155.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190201.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 7, "last_flight": "1990-12-02T08:13:32Z", "first_flight": "1987-12-21T11:18:03Z" }, { "id": 224, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/224/?format=api", "name": "Valeri Polyakov", "status": { "id": 11, "name": "Deceased" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P678DT16H33M13S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 80, "date_of_birth": "1942-04-27", "date_of_death": "2022-09-19", "nationality": "Russian", "bio": "Valeri Vladimirovich Polyakov (Russian: Валерий Владимирович Поляков, born Valeri Ivanovich Korshunov on April 27, 1942) is a former Russian cosmonaut. He is the holder of the record for the longest single stay in space in human history, staying aboard the Mir space station for more than 14 months (437 days 18 hours) during one trip. His combined space experience is more than 22 months.\r\n\r\nSelected as a cosmonaut in 1972, Polyakov made his first flight into space aboard Soyuz TM-6 in 1988. He returned to Earth 240 days later aboard TM-7. Polyakov completed his second flight into space in 1994–1995, spending 437 days in space between launching on Soyuz TM-18 and landing on TM-20, setting the record for the longest time continuously spent in space by an individual in human history.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov", "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/valeri2520polyakov_image_20181201212156.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190133.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1994-01-08T10:05:34Z", "first_flight": "1988-08-29T04:23:11Z" }, { "id": 487, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/487/?format=api", "name": "James M. Kelly", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P26DT21H31M51S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 61, "date_of_birth": "1964-05-14", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "James McNeal \"Vegas\" Kelly is a NASA Astronaut and a retired Colonel of the United States Air Force. He twice served as pilot on Space Shuttle missions.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Kelly_(astronaut)", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. 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