Astronaut List
API endpoint that allows Astronaut to be viewed.
GET: Return a list of all the existing astronauts.
MODE: Normal, List, LaunchList and Detailed /2.2.0/astronaut/?mode=detailed
FILTERS: Parameters - 'name', 'status', 'nationality', 'agency__name', 'agency__abbrev', 'date_of_birth', 'date_of_death', 'status_ids', 'is_human', 'type__id', 'has_flown', 'in_space' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?nationality=American
SEARCH EXAMPLE: /2.2.0/astronaut/?search=armstrong Searches through name, nationality and agency name
ORDERING: Fields - 'name', 'status', 'date_of_birth' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?order=name
GET /2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&offset=290&ordering=flights_count
{ "count": 853, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=300&ordering=flights_count", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=280&ordering=flights_count", "results": [ { "id": 616, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/616/?format=api", "name": "James A. Pawelczyk", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 5, "name": "Payload Specialist" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P15DT21H50M", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 65, "date_of_birth": "1960-09-20", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "James Anthony \"Jim\" Pawelczyk (born September 20, 1960) is an American researcher of physiology and Kinesiology who flew aboard the NASA STS-90 Space Shuttle mission as a Payload Specialist.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Pawelczyk", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Jared Isaacman", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/james2520a.2520pawelczyk_image_20190211162428.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190315.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1998-04-17T18:19:00Z", "first_flight": "1998-04-17T18:19:00Z" }, { "id": 379, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/379/?format=api", "name": "Sherwood C. Spring", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P6DT21H4M", "eva_time": "PT12H13M", "age": 81, "date_of_birth": "1944-09-03", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Sherwood Clark \"Woody\" Spring is a retired United States Army colonel and former NASA astronaut. Spring is married with two children. He is the father of United States Olympian Justin Spring. Sherwood Spring has logged 165 hours in space, 12 of which were spent conducting spacewalks. Spring has also accumulated 3,500 hours in 25 different military and civilian aircraft; over 1,500 of those hours were spent in jet aircraft.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_C._Spring", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Jared Isaacman", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/sherwood_c._spr_image_20220911034121.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191153.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 2, "last_flight": "1985-11-27T00:29:00Z", "first_flight": "1985-11-27T00:29:00Z" }, { "id": 718, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/718/?format=api", "name": "Anna Menon", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "In-Training" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P4DT22H13M5S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 40, "date_of_birth": "1985-12-24", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "NASA astronaut candidate and former Lead Space Operations Engineer at SpaceX, where she has led the implementation of Dragon’s crew capabilities, helped create the crew communicator operator role, and developed critical operational responses to vehicle emergencies such as a fire or cabin depressurization. Anna served in mission control during multiple Dragon missions, such as Demo-2, Crew-1, CRS-22, and CRS-23. In 2024, she flew to space as a mission specialist and medical officer aboard SpaceX’s Polaris Dawn mission.", "twitter": "https://x.com/annawmenon", "instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/annawmenon/", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Menon", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Jared Isaacman", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/anna_menon_offi_image_20251205153921.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/anna_menon_offi_image_thumbnail_20251205153921.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2024-09-10T09:23:49Z", "first_flight": "2024-09-10T09:23:49Z" }, { "id": 223, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/223/?format=api", "name": "Aleksandr Poleshchuk", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P179DT42M55S", "eva_time": "PT9H58M", "age": 72, "date_of_birth": "1953-10-30", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "bio": "Aleksandr Fyodorovich Poleshchuk (Russian: Александр Фёдорович Полещук, born October 30, 1953) is a Russian cosmonaut.\r\nIn February 1989 he was selected as a test cosmonaut candidate (1989 Cosmonaut Candidates Class, Group 14, Civil Specialists). From September 1989 to January 1991 he underwent the complete course of general space training and was qualified as a test cosmonaut, and then till March 1992 he undertook advanced training for the Soyuz-TM transport vehicle and Mir station flight.\r\n\r\nIn 1992 he was selected as the backup flight engineer of the Soyuz TM-15 joint Russian-French mission, and consequently nominated as the flight engineer of the prime crew of Soyuz TM-16. In space from January 24 to July 22, 1993, he participated in a 179-day space flight with Gennady Manakov. During the flight he performed two EVAs totaling 9 hours and 58 minutes. Also testing of the androgynous peripheral docking subassembly of the Kristall module was performed.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Poleshchuk", "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/aleksandr2520poleshchuk_image_20181201212023.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185243.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 2, "last_flight": "1993-01-24T05:58:05Z", "first_flight": "1993-01-24T05:58:05Z" }, { "id": 562, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/562/?format=api", "name": "Jeanette J. Epps", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P235DT3H35M24S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 55, "date_of_birth": "1970-11-03", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Jeanette Jo Epps is an American aerospace engineer and NASA astronaut.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/Astro_Jeanette", "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanette_J._Epps", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Jared Isaacman", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/jeanette_j._epp_image_20220911034355.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191122.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2024-03-04T03:53:38Z", "first_flight": "2024-03-04T03:53:38Z" }, { "id": 213, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/213/?format=api", "name": "Wubbo Ockels", "status": { "id": 11, "name": "Deceased" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P7DT44M", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 68, "date_of_birth": "1946-03-28", "date_of_death": "2014-05-18", "nationality": "Dutch", "bio": "Dr Wubbo Johannes Ockels (28 March 1946 – 18 May 2014) was a Dutch physicist and an astronaut of the European Space Agency (ESA). In 1985 he participated in a flight on the Space Shuttle Challenger, STS-61-A, making him the first Dutch citizen in space.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wubbo_Ockels", "agency": { "id": 27, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "featured": false, "type": "Multinational", "country_code": "FRA,ITA,DEU,ESP,CHE,GBR,AUT,SWE,PRT,NLD,HUN,POL,DNK,CZE,ROU,NOR,FIN,GRC,EST,IRL,LUX,BEL,SVN", "abbrev": "ESA", "description": "The European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,000 employees.\r\n\r\nESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight (mainly through participation in the International Space Station program); the launch and operation of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing launch vehicles; and maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana.", "administrator": "Director General: Josef Aschbacher", "founding_year": "1975", "launchers": "Ariane | Vega", "spacecraft": "Space Rider", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/esa_patch_float_image_20250211192109.png", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/european2520space2520agency_logo_20221130101442.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/wubbo2520ockels_image_20181201184140.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191144.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1985-10-30T17:00:00Z", "first_flight": "1985-10-30T17:00:00Z" }, { "id": 424, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/424/?format=api", "name": "William G. Gregory", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P16DT15H8M47S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 68, "date_of_birth": "1957-05-14", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "William George \"Borneo\" Gregory is an American retired NASA astronaut and United States Air Force lieutenant colonel.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_G._Gregory", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Jared Isaacman", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/william2520g.2520gregory_image_20181202142148.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185648.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1995-03-02T06:38:13Z", "first_flight": "1995-03-02T06:38:13Z" }, { "id": 316, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/316/?format=api", "name": "Jack Swigert", "status": { "id": 11, "name": "Deceased" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P5DT22H53M57S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 51, "date_of_birth": "1931-08-30", "date_of_death": "1982-12-27", "nationality": "American", "bio": "John Leonard \"Jack\" Swigert Jr. was an American test pilot, mechanical and aerospace engineer, United States Air Force pilot, and NASA astronaut. He was one of twenty-four astronauts who have flown to the Moon.[2][3]\r\n\r\nBefore joining NASA in 1966, Swigert was a civilian test pilot and fighter pilot in the Air National Guard. After leaving NASA, he was elected to Congress from Colorado's new 6th district, but died before being sworn in.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Swigert", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Jared Isaacman", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/jack2520swigert_image_20190426143705.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185748.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1970-04-11T19:13:03Z", "first_flight": "1970-04-11T19:13:03Z" }, { "id": 605, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/605/?format=api", "name": "Lawrence J. DeLucas", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 5, "name": "Payload Specialist" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P13DT19H29M37S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 75, "date_of_birth": "1950-07-11", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Lawrence James \"Larry\" DeLucas (O. D., Ph.D.) is an American biochemist who flew aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-50 as a Payload Specialist. \r\nDeLucas was a member of the crew of Space Shuttle Columbia for STS-50 (June 25-July 9, 1992), the United States Microgravity Laboratory-1 (USML-1) Spacelab mission. Over a two-week period, the crew conducted a wide variety of experiments relating to materials processing and fluid physics. At mission conclusion, DeLucas had traveled over 5.7 million miles in 221 Earth orbits, and had logged over 331 hours in space.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_J._DeLucas", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Jared Isaacman", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/lawrence2520j.2520delucas_image_20190211162515.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185709.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1992-06-25T16:12:23Z", "first_flight": "1992-06-25T16:12:23Z" }, { "id": 53, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/53/?format=api", "name": "Joseph P. Kerwin", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P28DT49M48S", "eva_time": "PT3H25M", "age": 94, "date_of_birth": "1932-02-19", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Joseph Peter Kerwin, M.D. is an American physician and former NASA astronaut, who served as Science Pilot for the Skylab 2 mission from May 25–June 22, 1973. He was the first physician to be selected for astronaut training.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kerwin", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. 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