Astronaut List
API endpoint that allows Astronaut to be viewed.
GET: Return a list of all the existing astronauts.
MODE: Normal, List, LaunchList and Detailed /2.2.0/astronaut/?mode=detailed
FILTERS: Parameters - 'name', 'status', 'nationality', 'agency__name', 'agency__abbrev', 'date_of_birth', 'date_of_death', 'status_ids', 'is_human', 'type__id', 'has_flown', 'in_space' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?nationality=American
SEARCH EXAMPLE: /2.2.0/astronaut/?search=armstrong Searches through name, nationality and agency name
ORDERING: Fields - 'name', 'status', 'date_of_birth' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?order=name
GET /2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&offset=220&ordering=-flights_count
{ "count": 846, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=230&ordering=-flights_count", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=210&ordering=-flights_count", "results": [ { "id": 472, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/472/?format=api", "name": "Pamela Melroy", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P38DT20H2M50S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 64, "date_of_birth": "1961-09-17", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Pamela Anne Melroy is a retired United States Air Force officer and a former NASA astronaut. She served as pilot on Space Shuttle missions STS-92 and STS-112 and commanded mission STS-120 before leaving the agency in August 2009. After serving as Deputy Program Manager, Space Exploration Initiatives with Lockheed Martin, Melroy joined the Federal Aviation Administration in 2011, where she was a senior technical advisor and director of field operations for the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation.\r\n\r\nIn 2013, she left the FAA and joined DARPA as Deputy Director of the Tactical Technology Office. She left the agency in February, 2017.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/Astro_Pam", "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Melroy", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/pamela_melroy_image_20220911033725.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185438.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2007-10-23T15:38:19Z", "first_flight": "2000-10-11T23:17:00Z" }, { "id": 416, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/416/?format=api", "name": "Jan Davis", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P28DT2H6M", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 72, "date_of_birth": "1953-11-01", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Nancy Jan Davis is a former American astronaut. A veteran of three space flights, Davis logged over 673 hours in space. She is now retired from NASA.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Davis", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/jan_davis_image_20220911033904.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190042.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1997-08-07T14:41:00Z", "first_flight": "1992-09-12T14:23:00Z" }, { "id": 383, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/383/?format=api", "name": "Frank L. Culbertson Jr.", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P143DT14H50M37S", "eva_time": "PT5H5M", "age": 76, "date_of_birth": "1949-05-15", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Frank Lee Culbertson Jr. is an American former naval officer and aviator, test pilot, aerospace engineer, and NASA astronaut. He served as the Commander of the International Space Station for almost four months in 2001 and was the only American not on Earth when the September 11 attacks occurred. He is currently President of the Space Systems Group at Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. Mr. Culbertson is responsible for the execution, business development and financial performance of the company’s human spaceflight, science, commercial communications, and national security satellite activities, as well as technical services to various government customers. These include some of Northrop Grumman's largest and most important programs such as NASA’s Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) initiatives to the International Space Station (ISS) as well as various national security-related programs.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_L._Culbertson_Jr.", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/frank2520l.2520culbertson2520jr._image_20181202133429.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185451.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 1, "last_flight": "2001-08-10T21:10:14Z", "first_flight": "1990-11-15T23:48:15Z" }, { "id": 556, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/556/?format=api", "name": "Robert S. Kimbrough", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P388DT17H28M5S", "eva_time": "P2DT11H27M", "age": 58, "date_of_birth": "1967-06-04", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Robert Shane Kimbrough is a retired United States Army officer, and a NASA astronaut. He was part of the first group of candidates selected for NASA astronaut training following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. Kimbrough is a veteran of two spaceflights, the first being a Space Shuttle flight, and the second being a 6-month mission to the ISS on board a Russian Soyuz craft. He was the commander of the International Space Station for Expedition 50 and later spent 6 months on the ISS as part of the SpaceX Crew-2 mission. He retired from NASA on July 31, 2022.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/astro_kimbrough", "instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/astro_kimbrough/", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Kimbrough", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/robert_s._kimbr_image_20220911034003.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191130.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 9, "last_flight": "2021-04-23T09:49:02Z", "first_flight": "2008-11-15T00:55:39Z" }, { "id": 501, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/501/?format=api", "name": "Patrick G. Forrester", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P39DT14H17M5S", "eva_time": "P1DT1H30M", "age": 68, "date_of_birth": "1957-03-31", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Patrick Graham Forrester is a retired United States Army officer and NASA astronaut. At the time of his retirement from the U.S. Army, Forrester had achieved the rank of colonel. He is married and has two children.\r\n\r\nForrester has flown on three Space Shuttle missions, STS-105, STS-117 and STS-128. He was Chief of the Astronaut Office, from June 2017 to July 2024.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_G._Forrester", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/patrick_g._forr_image_20220911033927.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185602.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 4, "last_flight": "2009-08-29T03:59:37Z", "first_flight": "2001-08-10T21:10:14Z" }, { "id": 447, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/447/?format=api", "name": "Catherine Coleman", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P180DT3H58M35S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 64, "date_of_birth": "1960-12-14", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Catherine Grace \"Cady\" Coleman is an American chemist, a former United States Air Force officer, and a former NASA astronaut. She is a veteran of two Space Shuttle missions, and departed the International Space Station on May 23, 2011, as a crew member of Expedition 27 after logging 159 days in space.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Coleman", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/catherine2520coleman_image_20181202144557.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185735.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2010-12-15T19:09:25Z", "first_flight": "1995-10-20T13:53:00Z" }, { "id": 144, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/144/?format=api", "name": "Charles \"Scorch\" Hobaugh", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P36DT7H46M10S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 64, "date_of_birth": "1961-11-05", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Charles Owen \"Scorch\" Hobaugh is a former NASA astronaut and a retired U.S. Marine Corps officer. He has had three spaceflights, all of which were Space Shuttle missions to the International Space Station, lasting between 10 and 13 days.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O._Hobaugh", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/charles25202522scorch25222520hobaugh_image_20181129210256.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190008.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2009-11-16T19:28:09Z", "first_flight": "2001-07-12T09:03:59Z" }, { "id": 507, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/507/?format=api", "name": "John L. Phillips", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P203DT17H22M9S", "eva_time": "PT4H58M", "age": 74, "date_of_birth": "1951-04-15", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "John Lynch Phillips is a NASA astronaut. Phillips is also a Naval Aviator and retired captain, United States Navy Reserve. Phillips has received numerous awards and special honors. He is a National Merit Scholar, graduated 2nd in his class of 906 people at the U.S. Naval Academy in 1972. Phillips has also been awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal, NASA Distinguished Service Medal, the Gagarin Medal and several others. Phillips has logged over 4,400 flight hours and 250 aircraft carrier landings, flying the A-7 Corsair II carrier-based light attack aircraft while on active duty in the Regular Navy and subsequently during his time as a Navy Reservist from 1982 to 2002. At the time of his retirement, Phillips had retained the rank of captain.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Phillips", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/john_l._phillip_image_20220911033649.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190140.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 1, "last_flight": "2009-03-15T23:43:44Z", "first_flight": "2001-04-19T18:40:42Z" }, { "id": 334, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/334/?format=api", "name": "Michael Coats", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P19DT7H54M56S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 79, "date_of_birth": "1946-01-16", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Michael Lloyd Coats is a former NASA astronaut (three spaceflights), raised in Riverside, California. From December 2005 to December 2012, he served as Director of the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Coats", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/michael2520coats_image_20181202102404.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190130.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1991-04-28T11:33:14Z", "first_flight": "1984-08-30T12:41:50Z" }, { "id": 480, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/480/?format=api", "name": "Ed Lu", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P205DT23H15M33S", "eva_time": "PT6H15M", "age": 62, "date_of_birth": "1963-07-01", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Edward Tsang \"Ed\" Lu (simplified Chinese: 卢杰; traditional Chinese: 盧傑; pinyin: Lú Jié) is an American physicist and former NASA astronaut. He flew on two Space Shuttle flights, and made an extended stay aboard the International Space Station.\r\n\r\nIn 2007, Lu retired from NASA to become the program manager of Google's Advanced Projects Team. In 2002, while still at NASA, Lu co-founded the B612 Foundation, dedicated to protecting the Earth from asteroid strikes, later serving as its chairman. As of 2014, he is currently its chief executive officer (CEO).", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/astroEdLu", "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Lu", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. 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