Astronaut List
API endpoint that allows Astronaut to be viewed.
GET: Return a list of all the existing astronauts.
MODE: Normal, List, LaunchList and Detailed /2.2.0/astronaut/?mode=detailed
FILTERS: Parameters - 'name', 'status', 'nationality', 'agency__name', 'agency__abbrev', 'date_of_birth', 'date_of_death', 'status_ids', 'is_human', 'type__id', 'has_flown', 'in_space' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?nationality=American
SEARCH EXAMPLE: /2.2.0/astronaut/?search=armstrong Searches through name, nationality and agency name
ORDERING: Fields - 'name', 'status', 'date_of_birth' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?order=name
GET /2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&offset=140&ordering=age
{ "count": 853, "next": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=150&ordering=age", "previous": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=130&ordering=age", "results": [ { "id": 696, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/696/?format=api", "name": "Glen de Vries", "status": { "id": 11, "name": "Deceased" }, "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Private" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "PT10M", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 49, "date_of_birth": "1972-06-29", "date_of_death": "2021-11-11", "nationality": "American", "bio": "Glen de Vries is the co-founder and co-CEO of Medidata.\r\n\r\nKilled in a plane crash in New Jersey.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/CaptainClinical", "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_de_Vries", "agency": { "id": 141, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "BO", "description": "Blue Origin is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company set up by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos with its headquarters in Kent, Washington. The company is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability. Blue Origin currently launches its New Shepard sub-orbital vehicle from its West Texas launch site, they are currently constructing a launch pad for their orbital vehicle New Glenn at Cape Canaveral LC-36.", "administrator": "CEO: Jeff Bezos", "founding_year": "2000", "launchers": "New Shepard | New Glenn", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_image_20190207032427.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_logo_20190207032427.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/glen_de_vries_image_20220911033817.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185241.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2021-10-13T14:49:00Z", "first_flight": "2021-10-13T14:49:00Z" }, { "id": 571, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/571/?format=api", "name": "Victor J. Glover", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": true, "time_in_space": "P170DT11H49M33S", "eva_time": "P1DT2H24M", "age": 49, "date_of_birth": "1976-04-30", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Victor Jerome Glover is a NASA astronaut of the class of 2013.\r\n\r\nGlover is a Commander in the U.S. Navy who hails from Pomona, California and Prosper, Texas. He is an F/A-18 pilot and graduate of the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School. Glover holds degrees from California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo, Air University and Naval Postgraduate School. He was a naval legislative fellow working on the personal staff of the Honorable John McCain supporting defense and foreign relations policy and oversight.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/VicGlover", "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_J._Glover", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Jared Isaacman", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/victor2520j.2520glover_image_20181203173351.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190631.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 4, "last_flight": "2026-04-01T22:35:12Z", "first_flight": "2020-11-16T00:27:17Z" }, { "id": 752, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/752/?format=api", "name": "Zhang Lu", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": true, "time_in_space": "P341DT19H39M3S", "eva_time": "P1DT16H23M", "age": 49, "date_of_birth": "1976-11-01", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Chinese", "bio": "Zhang Lu is a Chinese pilot selected in 2010 to be an astronaut.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": null, "agency": { "id": 17, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/17/?format=api", "name": "China National Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "CHN", "abbrev": "CNSA", "description": "The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is the national space agency of the People's Republic of China. It is responsible for the national space program and for planning and development of space activities. CNSA and China Aerospace Corporation (CASC) assumed the authority over space development efforts previously held by the Ministry of Aerospace Industry. The CNSA has many launch sites around China with their orbital sites located in Jiuquan, Xichang, Taiyuan and Wenchang.", "administrator": "Administrator: Tang Dengjie", "founding_year": "1993", "launchers": "", "spacecraft": "Shenzhou", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/china2520national2520space2520administration_image_20190207032431.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/china2520national2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032431.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/zhang_lu_offici_image_20251030081918.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/zhang_lu_offici_image_thumbnail_20251030081918.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 6, "last_flight": "2025-10-31T15:44:46Z", "first_flight": "2022-11-29T15:08:17Z" }, { "id": 581, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/581/?format=api", "name": "Francisco Rubio", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P370DT21H22M11S", "eva_time": "PT21H24M", "age": 49, "date_of_birth": "1976-12-11", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Francisco Carlos Rubio is a US Army helicopter pilot, flight surgeon, and NASA astronaut of the class of 2017.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Rubio_(astronaut)", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Jared Isaacman", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/francisco2520rubio_image_20200110161546.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185911.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 3, "last_flight": "2022-09-21T13:54:49Z", "first_flight": "2022-09-21T13:54:49Z" }, { "id": 12, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/12/?format=api", "name": "Alexander Gerst", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P362DT1H49M38S", "eva_time": "PT6H13M", "age": 49, "date_of_birth": "1976-05-03", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "German", "bio": "Alexander Gerst is a German European Space Agency astronaut and geophysicist, who was selected in 2009 to take part in space training.\r\nHe was part of the International Space Station Expedition 40 and 41 from May to November 2014.\r\nGerst returned to space on June 6, 2018, as part of Expedition 56/57 as the ISS Commander.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/Astro_Alex", "instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/astro_alex_esa/", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gerst", "agency": { "id": 27, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "featured": false, "type": "Multinational", "country_code": "FRA,ITA,DEU,ESP,CHE,GBR,AUT,SWE,PRT,NLD,HUN,POL,DNK,CZE,ROU,NOR,FIN,GRC,EST,IRL,LUX,BEL,SVN", "abbrev": "ESA", "description": "The European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,000 employees.\r\n\r\nESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight (mainly through participation in the International Space Station program); the launch and operation of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing launch vehicles; and maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana.", "administrator": "Director General: Josef Aschbacher", "founding_year": "1975", "launchers": "Ariane | Vega", "spacecraft": "Space Rider", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/esa_patch_float_image_20250211192109.png", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/european2520space2520agency_logo_20221130101442.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/alexander2520gerst_image_20181127211820.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190641.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 1, "last_flight": "2018-06-06T11:12:41Z", "first_flight": "2014-05-28T19:57:41Z" }, { "id": 218, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/218/?format=api", "name": "Luca Parmitano", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P366DT23H2M", "eva_time": "P1DT9H9M", "age": 49, "date_of_birth": "1976-09-27", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Italian", "bio": "Luca Parmitano (born 27 September 1976 in Paternò, Sicily) is an Italian engineer and astronaut in the European Astronaut Corps for the European Space Agency (ESA). The astronauts work on missions at the International Space Station. He was selected as an ESA astronaut in May 2009. Parmitano is also a Lieutenant Colonel and pilot for the Italian Air Force. Parmitano is the youngest astronaut to undertake a long-duration mission, at 36 years and eight months old on the launch day of his mission.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/astro_luca", "instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/astro_luca/", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Parmitano", "agency": { "id": 27, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "featured": false, "type": "Multinational", "country_code": "FRA,ITA,DEU,ESP,CHE,GBR,AUT,SWE,PRT,NLD,HUN,POL,DNK,CZE,ROU,NOR,FIN,GRC,EST,IRL,LUX,BEL,SVN", "abbrev": "ESA", "description": "The European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,000 employees.\r\n\r\nESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight (mainly through participation in the International Space Station program); the launch and operation of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing launch vehicles; and maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana.", "administrator": "Director General: Josef Aschbacher", "founding_year": "1975", "launchers": "Ariane | Vega", "spacecraft": "Space Rider", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/esa_patch_float_image_20250211192109.png", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/european2520space2520agency_logo_20221130101442.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/luca2520parmitano_image_20191231114250.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190918.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 6, "last_flight": "2019-07-20T16:28:21Z", "first_flight": "2013-05-28T20:31:24Z" }, { "id": 339, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/339/?format=api", "name": "S. David Griggs", "status": { "id": 6, "name": "Died While In Active Service" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P6DT23H55M23S", "eva_time": "PT3H6M", "age": 49, "date_of_birth": "1939-09-07", "date_of_death": "1989-06-17", "nationality": "American", "bio": "Stanley David Griggs was a United States Navy officer and a NASA astronaut. He is credited with conducting the first unscheduled extra-vehicular activity of the space program during Space Shuttle mission STS-51-D. Griggs was killed when the vintage World War II-era training aircraft he was piloting – a North American AT-6D (registration N3931S) – crashed near Earle, Arkansas.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._David_Griggs", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Jared Isaacman", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/s.2520david2520griggs_image_20181202102921.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191200.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 1, "last_flight": "1985-04-12T13:59:05Z", "first_flight": "1985-04-12T13:59:05Z" }, { "id": 9, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/9/?format=api", "name": "Nick Hague", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P373DT20H43M16S", "eva_time": "P1DT1H56M", "age": 50, "date_of_birth": "1975-09-24", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Tyler Nicklaus Hague is a retired American Flight Test Engineer and NASA astronaut of the class of 2013.\r\nSelected to be a flight engineer of Expedition 57 / 58 to the International Space Station, he launched on board Soyuz MS-10, which aborted shortly after launch on October 11, 2018. He flew again on Soyuz MS-12 and SpaceX Crew-9, completing two stays and four spacewalks at the International Space Station.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/AstroHague", "instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/astrohague/", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hague", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Jared Isaacman", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/nick_hague_image_20220911034312.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190648.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 4, "last_flight": "2024-09-28T17:17:21Z", "first_flight": "2018-10-11T08:40:15Z" }, { "id": 713, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/713/?format=api", "name": "Anil Menon", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "In-Training" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P0D", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 50, "date_of_birth": "1976-01-01", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Anil Menon is a US Air Force lieutenant colonel from Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was SpaceX’s first flight surgeon, helping to launch the company’s first humans to space during NASA’s SpaceX Demo-2 mission and building a medical organization to support the human system during future missions. Prior to that, he served NASA as the crew flight surgeon for various expeditions taking astronauts to the International Space Station. Menon is an actively practicing emergency medicine physician with fellowship training in wilderness and aerospace medicine. As a physician, he was a first responder during the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, 2015 earthquake in Nepal, and the 2011 Reno Air Show accident. In the Air Force, Menon supported the 45th Space Wing as a flight surgeon and the 173rd Fighter Wing, where he logged over 100 sorties in the F-15 fighter jet and transported over 100 patients as part of the critical care air transport team.\r\n\r\nExact date of birth unknown.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/Astro_Menon", "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Menon_(astronaut)", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Jared Isaacman", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/anil_menon_image_20211206185413.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-dev.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190559.jpeg", "flights_count": 0, "landings_count": 0, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": null, "first_flight": null }, { "id": 8, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/8/?format=api", "name": "Andrew R. Morgan", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P271DT12H48M22S", "eva_time": "P1DT21H48M", "age": 50, "date_of_birth": "1976-02-05", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Andrew Richard \"Drew\" Morgan is a NASA astronaut from the class of 2013.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/AstroDrewMorgan", "instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/astrodrewmorgan/", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_R._Morgan", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://lldev.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. 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